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+ -   ๋ถ๋งˆํฌ ์ €์žฅ [ํ–‰์ •] 1์‹ฌ์‚ฌ๊ฑด

์„œ์šธํ–‰๋ฒ• 2002. 12. 4. ์„ ๊ณ  2002๊ตฌํ•ฉ10926 ํŒ๊ฒฐ๏ผšํ•ญ์†Œ์ทจํ•˜

[์˜์‚ฌ๋ฉดํ—ˆ์ž๊ฒฉ์ •์ง€์ฒ˜๋ถ„์ทจ์†Œ][ํ•˜์ง‘2002-2,441] ใ€ํŒ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•ญใ€‘ [1]๊ด€์ ˆ์—ผํ™˜์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ด‰๋…(Bee Toxin)์„ ์ฃผ์‚ฌํ•œ ํ–‰์œ„๊ฐ€ ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์‹œํ–‰๋ น ์ œ21์กฐ ์ œ1ํ•ญ ์ œ1ํ˜ธ ์†Œ์ •์˜ 'ํ•™๋ฌธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •๋˜์ง€ ์•„๋‹ˆํ•˜๋Š” ์ง„๋ฃŒํ–‰์œ„'์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€(์ ๊ทน) [2] ๋ด‰๋…์š”๋ฒ•์˜ ์‹œํ–‰๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณด๊ฑด๋ณต์ง€๋ถ€์žฅ๊ด€์ด ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ํ–‰์ •์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๋ฐ” ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ด‰๋…์น˜๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ 'ํ•™๋ฌธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •๋˜๋Š” ์ง„๋ฃŒํ–‰์œ„'๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต์  ๊ฒฌํ•ด๋ฅผ ํ‘œ๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ใ€ํŒ๊ฒฐ์š”์ง€ใ€‘ [1]์ž„์ƒ์‹œํ—˜์ด ์ง„ํ–‰์ค‘์ด์–ด์„œ ๊ทธ ์œ ํšจ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ์ด ํ•™๋ฌธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€์ฆ๋œ ๋ฐ” ์—†๋Š” ๋ด‰๋…์ฃผ์‚ฌ์•ก์„ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๊ฐœ์—…์˜๊ฐ€ ์ž„์ƒ์‹œํ—˜๊ณ„ํš์˜ ์Šน์ธ์„ ์–ป๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์†Œ์ •์˜ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์น˜์ง€ ์•„๋‹ˆํ•œ ์ฑ„ ์˜๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์ ˆ์—ผ์„ ์•“๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์‚ฌํ•œ ํ–‰์œ„๋Š” ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ• ์ œ53์กฐ ์ œ1ํ•ญ ์ œ1ํ˜ธ, ๊ฐ™์€๋ฒ•์‹œํ–‰๋ น ์ œ21์กฐ ์ œ1ํ•ญ ์ œ1ํ˜ธ ์†Œ์ •์˜ 'ํ•™๋ฌธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •๋˜์ง€ ์•„๋‹ˆํ•˜๋Š” ์ง„๋ฃŒํ–‰์œ„'์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•œ๋‹ค. [2]๋ด‰๋…์š”๋ฒ•์˜ ์‹œํ–‰๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณด๊ฑด๋ณต์ง€๋ถ€์žฅ๊ด€์ด ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ํ–‰์ •์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๋ฐ” ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ด‰๋…์น˜๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ 'ํ•™๋ฌธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •๋˜๋Š” ์ง„๋ฃŒํ–‰์œ„'๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต์  ๊ฒฌํ•ด๋ฅผ ํ‘œ๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€. ใ€์ฐธ์กฐ์กฐ๋ฌธใ€‘ [1] ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ• ์ œ53์กฐ ์ œ1ํ•ญ ์ œ1ํ˜ธ, ์ œ2ํ•ญ, ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์‹œํ–‰๋ น ์ œ21์กฐ ์ œ1ํ•ญ ์ œ1ํ˜ธ, ์•ฝ์‚ฌ๋ฒ• ์ œ2์กฐ/ [2] ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ• ์ œ53์กฐ ์ œ1ํ•ญ ์ œ1ํ˜ธ, ์ œ2ํ•ญ, ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์‹œํ–‰๋ น ์ œ21์กฐ ์ œ1ํ•ญ ์ œ1ํ˜ธ, ์•ฝ์‚ฌ๋ฒ• ์ œ2์กฐ, ํ–‰์ •์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฒ• ์ œ4์กฐ ์ œ2ํ•ญ ใ€์ „ ๋ฌธใ€‘ ใ€์›๊ณ ใ€‘ ์›๊ณ  (์†Œ์†ก๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ ์‹ ํ˜„ํ˜ธ ์™ธ 2์ธ) ใ€ํ”ผ๊ณ ใ€‘ ๋ณด๊ฑด๋ณต์ง€๋ถ€์žฅ๊ด€ ใ€์ฃผ๋ฌธใ€‘ 1. ์›๊ณ ์˜ ์ฒญ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. 2. ์†Œ์†ก๋น„์šฉ์€ ์›๊ณ ์˜ ๋ถ€๋‹ด์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ใ€์ฒญ๊ตฌ์ทจ์ง€ใ€‘ ํ”ผ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ 2002. 3. 11. ์›๊ณ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•œ ์˜์‚ฌ๋ฉดํ—ˆ์ž๊ฒฉ์ •์ง€ 30์ผ์˜ ์ฒ˜๋ถ„์„ ์ทจ์†Œํ•œ๋‹ค. ใ€์ด์œ ใ€‘ 1. ์ฒ˜๋ถ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์œ„ ๊ฐ€.์›๊ณ ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์—ฐ์ฒœ๊ตฐ ์‹ ์„œ๋ฉด ๋„์‹ ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์›ํ•œ ์˜์‚ฌ๋กœ์„œ, ๊ด€์ ˆ์—ผ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ด‰๋…์ฃผ์‚ฌ์•ก์„ ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์น˜๋ฃŒํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ํ•ด ์™”๋‹ค. ๋‚˜.ํ•œ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ์†ก๊ณต์‚ฌ(KBS)๋Š” 2001. 3. 18. ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋„ ์—ฐ์ฒœ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•œ ๋ณ‘์›์ด ๊ด€์ ˆ์—ผ์„ ์ž˜ ๊ณ ์นœ๋‹ค๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฌธ์ด ๋‚˜๋ฉด์„œ ํ•˜๋ฃจ์—๋„ 2-300๋ช…์˜ ๋…ธ์ธํ™˜์ž๋“ค์ด ๋ชฐ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์•Œ๊ณ  ๋ณด๋‹ˆ ์ด ๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์ „๋„ ์—†์ด ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋†“๋Š”๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋ฉด ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€๋„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ(๋ด‰๋…)์„ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ์ œ๋กœ ์“ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.๋ผ๋Š” ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ณด๋„๋ฅผ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์œ„ ๋ฐฉ์†ก๋ณด๋„์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ„ ์˜์›์„ ๊ด€ํ• ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ์ฒœ๊ตฐ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์›๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ์ธ ๋ด‰๋…(Bee toxin)์„ ๊ด€์ ˆ์—ผ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ์ œ๋กœ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ด์œ ๋กœ, 2001. 3. 20. ํ”ผ๊ณ ์—๊ฒŒ ์›๊ณ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ–‰์ •์ฒ˜๋ถ„์„ ์˜๋ขฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค.์ด์— ํ”ผ๊ณ ๋Š”, ์›๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ๊ณผ ๋ด‰๋…์„ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ํ’ˆ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ์•ˆ์ „์ฒญ(์ดํ•˜ '์‹์•ฝ์ฒญ'์ด๋ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค)์—์„œ ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•„๋‹ˆํ•œ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ์„ ํ‡ดํ–‰์„ฑ๊ด€์ ˆ์—ผ ํ™˜์ž ๋“ฑ์—๊ฒŒ ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ 'ํ•™๋ฌธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •๋˜์ง€ ์•„๋‹ˆํ•œ ์ง„๋ฃŒํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ'์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด์•„ ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ• ์ œ53์กฐ ์ œ1ํ•ญ ์ œ1ํ˜ธ, ๋™๋ฒ•์‹œํ–‰๋ น ์ œ21์กฐ ์ œ1ํ•ญ ์ œ1ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์›๊ณ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜์‚ฌ๋ฉดํ—ˆ์ž๊ฒฉ์ •์ง€ 1์›”์˜ ์ฒ˜๋ถ„์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(์ดํ•˜ '์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์ฒ˜๋ถ„'์ด๋ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค). [์ฆ ๊ฑฐ] ๊ฐ‘ ์ œ1ํ˜ธ์ฆ, ์„ ์ œ1ํ˜ธ์ฆ์˜ 1, 3 2. ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์ฒ˜๋ถ„์˜ ์ ๋ฒ• ์—ฌ๋ถ€ ๊ฐ€. ์›๊ณ ์˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์ฒ˜๋ถ„์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์˜ค์ธํ•˜์˜€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ฒ•๋ น์˜ ํ•ด์„์„ ์ž˜๋ชปํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฒ˜๋ถ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์œ„๋ฒ•ํ•˜๋‹ค. (1)์šฐ์„ , ์›๊ณ ๋Š” ๋ด‰๋…์„ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ๊ณผ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•„๋‹ˆํ•œ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ํˆฌ์•ฝํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์›๊ณ ๋Š” ๋ด‰๋…์„ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ์ธ ๊ด€์ ˆ๊ฐ•๋‚ด์ฃผ์‚ฌ์•ก(ํ•˜์ด์•Œ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ์•ก), ์†Œ์—ผ์ œ ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ์ˆ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ , ๋ด‰๋…์•ก์„ ์ƒ๋ฆฌ์‹์—ผ์ˆ˜์— ํฌ์„์‹œํ‚จ ํ›„ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ทน์†Œ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋ฆฌ๋„์นด์ธ(Lidocaine, ๊ตญ์†Œ๋งˆ์ทจ์ œ)์„ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋ฟ์ด๋‹ค. ์›๊ณ ๋Š” ์ด ๊ฑด๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉด์„œ, ๊ด€์ ˆ์—ผํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ด์•Œ์ฃผ์‚ฌ์•ก๊ณผ ๊ตญ์†Œ๋งˆ์ทจ์ œ, ์†Œ์—ผ์ œ, ์ƒ๋ฆฌ์‹์—ผ์ˆ˜์™€ ๋ด‰๋…์„ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ง„์ˆ ํ•œ ์ผ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๊ด€์ ˆ์—ผํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ ํ”„๋กœ๋กœํ…Œ๋ผํ”ผ(Prolotherapy, ์กฐ์ง๊ฐ•ํ™”์น˜๋ฃŒ, ์ธ๋Œ€๊ฐ•ํ™” ์ฃผ1) ์ฃผ์‚ฌ์š”๋ฒ•) ์ฃผ2) ์ฃผ3) ์ฃผ4) ์ฃผ5) ์ฃผ6) ์ฃผ7) ์ฃผ8) ์ฃผ9) ์ฃผ10) ์ฃผ11) ์ฃผ12) ์ฃผ13) ์ฃผ14) ์ฃผ15) ์ฃผ16) ์ฃผ17) ์ฃผ18) ์ฃผ19) ์ฃผ20) ์ฃผ21) ์ฃผ22) ์ฃผ23) ์ฃผ24) ์ฃผ25) ์ฃผ26) ์ฃผ27) ์ฃผ28) ์ฃผ29) ์ฃผ30) ์ฃผ31) ์ฃผ32) ์ฃผ33) ์ฃผ34) ์ฃผ35) ์ฃผ36) ์ฃผ37) ์ฃผ38) ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ , ์น˜๋ฃŒ ํ›„ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๋ถ€์œ„์˜ ์—ผ์ฆ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ, ์ง„ํ†ต์ œ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง„ํ†ต์†Œ์—ผ์ œ์ธ ํƒ€๋งˆ๋Œ๊ณผ ๋ถ€์‹ ํ”ผ์งˆํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ์ œ์ธ ๋ฒ ํƒ€์†์„ ๊ทผ์œก์ฃผ์‚ฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํ•˜์ด์•Œ์ฃผ์‚ฌ์•ก๊ณผ ์Šคํ…Œ๋กœ์ด๋“œ๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ ˆ๊ฐ•๋‚ด์— ์ฃผ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ , ๋˜ ๋ด‰๋…์š”๋ฒ•์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ํ•œ๊บผ๋ฒˆ์— ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‹œ์ˆ ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ง„์ˆ ํ•˜์˜€๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ, ํ”ผ๊ณ ๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ ์˜คํ•ดํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์ฒ˜๋ถ„์„ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. (2)๋ด‰๋…์ฃผ์‚ฌ์•ก์ด ์‹์•ฝ์ฒญ์—์„œ ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•„๋‹ˆํ•œ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„, ์ด๋ฅผ ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•œ ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ์ผœ ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์‹œํ–‰๋ น ์ œ21์กฐ ์ œ1ํ•ญ ์ œ1ํ˜ธ ์†Œ์ •์˜ 'ํ•™๋ฌธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •๋˜์ง€ ์•„๋‹ˆํ•˜๋Š” ์ง„๋ฃŒํ–‰์œ„'๋กœ์„œ ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ• ์ œ53์กฐ ์ œ1ํ•ญ ์ œ1ํ˜ธ ์†Œ์ •์˜ '์˜๋ฃŒ์ธ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์‹ฌํžˆ ๊ทธ ํ’ˆ์œ„๋ฅผ ์†์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๋•Œ'์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†๋‹ค. ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด, ๋ด‰๋…์š”๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ๋Š” ๋™์„œ์–‘์„ ๋ง‰๋ก ํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜ˆ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ˆ ์ด ๋งŽ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์™”๊ณ , ๋˜ ํ•™๋ฌธ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์ด๋ฏธ ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ถ•์ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์–ด ๋ด‰๋…์˜ ๊ฐ ์„ฑ๋ถ„๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์•ฝ๋ฆฌ์  ์ž‘์šฉ์ด ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ํŒŒ์•…๋œ ์ƒํƒœ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ž„์ƒ์‹œํ—˜์—์„œ๋„ ๋ด‰๋…์ด ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ๋งŒ์„ฑํ‡ดํ–‰์„ฑ ๊ด€์ ˆ์—ผ์— ํƒ์›”ํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด ๋ฐํ˜€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋ด‰๋…์š”๋ฒ• ์‹œ์ˆ ์‹œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ๋„ ์ด๋ฏธ ๊ทธ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด์ง„ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฆ‰๊ฐ์ ์ธ ์‘๊ธ‰์กฐ์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ๋„ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜์–ด์ง„ ์ƒํƒœ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ํ•œ์˜ํ•™์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ด‰์นจ์š”๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ด‰๋…์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋ณด๊ฑด๋ณต์ง€๋ถ€๋Š” ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ 100% ํ™˜์ž ๋ณธ์ธ ๋ถ€๋‹ด์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธ‰์—ฌํ•ญ๋ชฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •ํ•ด ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ํ•œ์˜์›์—์„œ ์‹œ์ˆ ๋˜์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๋ด‰๋…์š”๋ฒ•๋„ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๋ด‰์นจ์ˆ ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ํ”ผ๋‚ด์ฃผ์‚ฌ์™€ ๊ด€์ ˆ๋‚ด ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ด‰๋… ์ž์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ๋Š” ์‹์•ฝ์ฒญ์—์„œ ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€๋ฐ›์€ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ์ด ์—†๊ณ , ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์‹์•ฝ์ฒญ์—์„œ ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์‹œ์ˆ ์•ก์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋Š” ํ•œ๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ์–‘๋ฐฉ์ด ๋™์ผํ•œ๋ฐ, ๋™์ผํ•œ ๋ด‰๋…์‹œ์ˆ ์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์–‘์˜๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์ˆ ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์œ„๋ฒ•ํ–‰์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  ํ•œ๋ฐฉ์˜๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์ˆ ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ ๋ฒ•ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ทจ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ถ€๋‹นํ•˜๋‹ค. (3) ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์ฒ˜๋ถ„์€ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ณดํ˜ธ์˜ ์›์น™์—๋„ ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์œ„๋ฒ•ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ํ”ผ๊ณ ๋Š” ์›๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ๋ด‰๋…์‹œ์ˆ ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์—๋„ ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ํ–‰์ •์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๋ฐ”๋„ ์—†์ด ๋ฌต์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ์™”๊ณ , ํŠนํžˆ ์›๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜์›์„ ๊ด€ํ• ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ์ฒœ๋ณด๊ฑด์˜๋ฃŒ์›์˜ ๋‹ด๋‹น์ž๋Š” ์›๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋ด‰๋…์‹œ์ˆ ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ํ–‰์ •์ง€๋„๋„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•„๋‹ˆํ•˜์—ฌ ์›๊ณ ์˜ ๋ด‰๋…์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฌต์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์Šน์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜ค๋‹ค๊ฐ€, ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ์›๊ณ ์—๊ฒŒ ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์˜์‚ฌ๋ฉดํ—ˆ์ž๊ฒฉ์ •์ง€์ฒ˜๋ถ„์„ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์–ด์„œ ์ด๋Š” ํ–‰์ •์ฒญ์˜ ์„ ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์Šน์ธ์— ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ, ํ–‰์ •์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฒ• ์ œ4์กฐ ์ œ2ํ•ญ์— ๊ทœ์ •๋œ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ณดํ˜ธ์˜ ์›์น™์„ ์œ„๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ์œ„๋ฒ•ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ถ„์ด๋‹ค. ๋‚˜. ํ”ผ๊ณ ์˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ ์–‘์˜์‚ฌ์ธ ์›๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ์‹์•ฝ์ฒญ์—์„œ ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€๋ฐ›์€ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ๋„ ์•„๋‹Œ ๋ด‰๋…์„ ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€๋ฐ›์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ{๊ด€์ ˆ๊ฐ•๋‚ด์ฃผ์‚ฌ์•ก(ํ•˜์ด์•Œ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ์•ก), ๊ตญ์†Œ๋งˆ์ทจ์ œ, ์†Œ์—ผ์ œ ๋“ฑ}๊ณผ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฃผ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™์ ์ธ ๊ฒ€์ฆ ๋‚ด์ง€๋Š” ์‹์•ฝ์ฒญ์˜ ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•„๋‹ˆํ•œ ๋น„(๋น„)์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์ง„๋ฃŒํ–‰์œ„๋กœ์„œ ์ด๋Š” ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ• ์ œ53์กฐ ์ œ1ํ•ญ ์ œ1ํ˜ธ, ๋™๋ฒ•์‹œํ–‰๋ น ์ œ21์กฐ ์ œ1ํ•ญ ์ œ1ํ˜ธ์— ๊ทœ์ •๋œ 'ํ•™๋ฌธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •๋˜์ง€ ์•„๋‹ˆํ•˜๋Š” ์ง„๋ฃŒํ–‰์œ„'๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์›๊ณ ๋Š” ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋Œ€ํ•™๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ ๋ด‰๋…์ฃผ์‚ฌ์•ก์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž„์ƒ์‹œํ—˜์ด ์ง„ํ–‰์ค‘์ด๊ณ , ๋˜ ์ผ๋ถ€ ํ•œ๋ฐฉ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ด€์—์„œ ์•ฝ์นจ์ˆ ์˜ ์ผ์ข…์œผ๋กœ ๋ด‰๋…์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ”ผ๊ณ ๋„ ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ธ‰์—ฌํ•ญ๋ชฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ ์„ ๋“ค์–ด, ์›๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๋ด‰๋…์š”๋ฒ•์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ 'ํ•™๋ฌธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •๋˜์ง€ ์•„๋‹ˆํ•˜๋Š” ์ง„๋ฃŒํ–‰์œ„'๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋‚˜, ๋ด‰๋…์š”๋ฒ•์ด ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์ƒ ํ•™๋ฌธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •๋˜๋Š” ์ง„๋ฃŒํ–‰์œ„์ธ์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ทธ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ–‰์œ„์˜ ์ฃผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์ธ์ง€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ด‰๋…์€ ์•ฝ์‚ฌ๋ฒ• ์ œ2์กฐ ์ œ4ํ•ญ์—์„œ ์ •ํ•œ '์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ'์ด๋ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ  ๊ฐ™์€ ์กฐ ์ œ5ํ•ญ์˜ 'ํ•œ์•ฝ' ๋˜๋Š” ์ œ6ํ•ญ์˜ 'ํ•œ์•ฝ์ œ์ œ'์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ, ํ•œ์˜์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋ฉดํ—ˆ์ž๊ฒฉ์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ด‰๋…์„ ์กฐ์ œํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ ํˆฌ์•ฝํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ์–‘์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹์•ฝ์ฒญ์—์„œ ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€๋ฐ›์€ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๋ด‰๋…์„ ์–‘์•ฝ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ์ œ์™€ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํˆฌ์•ฝํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ 'ํ•™๋ฌธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •๋˜์ง€ ์•„๋‹ˆํ•˜๋Š” ์ง„๋ฃŒํ–‰์œ„'์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜, ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋Œ€ํ•™๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ ๋ด‰๋…์ฃผ์‚ฌ์•ก์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž„์ƒ์‹œํ—˜์ด ์ง„ํ–‰์ค‘์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ๋ด‰๋…์ฃผ์‚ฌ์•ก์ด ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ํ•™๋ฌธ์ ์ธ ์œ ํšจ์„ฑ์ด๋‚˜ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ์ด ๊ฒ€์ฆ๋œ ๋ฐ” ์—†์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์ž„์ƒ์‹œํ—˜๊ณ„ํš์˜ ์Šน์ธ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ๋ฐ”๋„ ์—†๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์˜์‚ฌ์ธ ์›๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ์ž„์ƒ์‹œํ—˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ๋„ ์•„๋‹Œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ด‰๋…์ฃผ์‚ฌ์•ก์„ ์˜๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํˆฌ์•ฝํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„๋Š” 'ํ•™๋ฌธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •๋˜์ง€ ์•„๋‹ˆํ•˜๋Š” ์ง„๋ฃŒํ–‰์œ„'์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ง๋ถ™์—ฌ, ์›๊ณ ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ๋กœํ…Œ๋ผํ”ผ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ์š”๋ฒ•์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ๋ฐ”๋„ ์—†๊ณ , ๊ด€์ ˆ๊ฐ•๋‚ด ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ˆ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ด‰๋…์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์ฃผ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋ฟ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹ค. ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ฒ•๋ น ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ• ์ œ53์กฐ(์ž๊ฒฉ์ •์ง€๋“ฑ) โ‘  ๋ณด๊ฑด๋ณต์ง€๋ถ€์žฅ๊ด€์€ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ธ์ด ๋‹ค์Œ ๊ฐ ํ˜ธ์˜ 1์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•  ๋•Œ์—๋Š” 1๋…„์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ทธ ๋ฉดํ—ˆ์ž๊ฒฉ์„ ์ •์ง€์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ƒ์˜ ํŒ๋‹จ์„ ์š”ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํ•ญ์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ๋Š” ๊ด€๊ณ„์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ๋“ค์–ด ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 1. ์˜๋ฃŒ์ธ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์‹ฌํžˆ ๊ทธ ํ’ˆ์œ„๋ฅผ ์†์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๋•Œ โ‘ก ์ œ1ํ•ญ ์ œ1ํ˜ธ์˜ ๊ทœ์ •์— ์˜ํ•œ ํ–‰์œ„์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น๋ น์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์‹œํ–‰๋ น ์ œ21์กฐ(์˜๋ฃŒ์ธ์˜ ํ’ˆ์œ„์†์ƒํ–‰์œ„์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„) โ‘  ๋ฒ• ์ œ53์กฐ ์ œ2ํ•ญ์˜ ๊ทœ์ •์— ์˜ํ•œ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ธ์˜ ํ’ˆ์œ„์†์ƒํ–‰์œ„์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ ๊ฐ ํ˜ธ์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. 1.ํ•™๋ฌธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •๋˜์ง€ ์•„๋‹ˆํ•˜๋Š” ์ง„๋ฃŒํ–‰์œ„(์กฐ์‚ฐ์—…๋ฌด ๋ฐ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์—…๋ฌด๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ดํ•˜ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค) ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ด€๊ณ„ํ–‰์ •์ฒ˜๋ถ„๊ทœ์น™ ์ œ4์กฐ(ํ–‰์ •์ฒ˜๋ถ„๊ธฐ์ค€)์˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ• ์ œ50์กฐ ๋‚ด์ง€ ์ œ53์กฐ์™€ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋“ฑ์—๊ด€ํ•œ๋ฒ•๋ฅ  ์ œ25์กฐ์˜ ๊ทœ์ •์— ์˜ํ•œ ํ–‰์ •์ฒ˜๋ถ„๊ธฐ์ค€์€ [๋ณ„ํ‘œ]์™€ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. [๋ณ„ ํ‘œ] ํ–‰์ •์ฒ˜๋ถ„๊ธฐ์ค€(์ œ4์กฐ ๊ด€๋ จ) 2. ๊ฐœ๋ณ„๊ธฐ์ค€ ๊ฐ€.์˜๋ฃŒ์ธ์ด ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•(์ดํ•˜ ์ด ํ‘œ์—์„œ '๋ฒ•'์ด๋ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค) ๋ฐ ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์‹œํ–‰๋ น(์ดํ•˜ ์ด ํ‘œ์—์„œ '์˜'์ด๋ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค)์„ ์œ„๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ๋•Œ
์œ„๋ฐ˜์‚ฌํ•ญ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ•๋ น ํ–‰์ •์ฒ˜๋ถ„๊ธฐ์ค€
(23) ํ•™๋ฌธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •๋˜์ง€ ์•„๋‹ˆํ•˜๋Š” ์ง„๋ฃŒํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๋•Œ ๋ฒ• ์ œ53์กฐ ์ œ1ํ•ญ ์ œ1ํ˜ธ ๋ฐ ์˜ ์ œ21์กฐ ์ œ1ํ•ญ ์ œ1ํ˜ธ ์ž๊ฒฉ์ •์ง€ 1์›”
์•ฝ์‚ฌ๋ฒ• ์ œ2์กฐ(์ •์˜) โ‘ฃ ์ด ๋ฒ•์—์„œ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ์ด๋ผ ํ•จ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ ๊ฐ ํ˜ธ์˜ 1์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌผํ’ˆ์„ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. 1. ๋Œ€ํ•œ์•ฝ์ „์— ์ˆ˜์žฌ๋œ ๋ฌผํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์˜์•ฝ์™ธํ’ˆ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ฒƒ 2.์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์˜ ์ง„๋‹จยท์น˜๋ฃŒยท๊ฒฝ๊ฐยท์ฒ˜์น˜ ๋˜๋Š” ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌยท๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ๋˜๋Š” ์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ฒƒ 3.์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐยท๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ์•ฝ๋ฆฌํ•™์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌยท๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ๋˜๋Š” ์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ฒƒ โ‘ค์ด ๋ฒ•์—์„œ ํ•œ์•ฝ์ด๋ผ ํ•จ์€ ๋™๋ฌผยท์‹๋ฌผ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ด‘๋ฌผ์—์„œ ์ฑ„์ทจ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์›ํ˜•๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ฑด์กฐยท๋‹จ์ ˆ ๋˜๋Š” ์ •์ œ๋œ ์ƒ์•ฝ์„ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. โ‘ฅ์ด ๋ฒ•์—์„œ ํ•œ์•ฝ์ œ์ œ๋ผ ํ•จ์€ ํ•œ์•ฝ์„ ํ•œ๋ฐฉ์›๋ฆฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์กฐํ•œ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ์„ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ œ26์กฐ์˜4(์ž„์ƒ์‹œํ—˜๊ณ„ํš์˜ ์Šน์ธ ๋“ฑ) โ‘  ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ ๋˜๋Š” ์˜๋ฃŒ์šฉ๊ตฌ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ž„์ƒ์‹œํ—˜์„ ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž๋Š” ์ž„์ƒ์‹œํ—˜๊ณ„ํš์„œ๋ฅผ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ํ’ˆ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ์•ˆ์ „์ฒญ์žฅ์˜ ์Šน์ธ์„ ์–ป์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ž„์ƒ์‹œํ—˜๊ณ„ํš์„œ๋ฅผ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๋•Œ์—๋„ ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. โ‘ข ์‹ํ’ˆ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ์•ˆ์ „์ฒญ์žฅ์€ ์ œ1ํ•ญ์˜ ๊ทœ์ •์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์Šน์ธ์„ ์–ป๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž„์ƒ์‹œํ—˜์ด ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑยท์œ ํšจ์„ฑ ๋ฌธ์ œ์„ฑ๋ถ„ ํ•จ์œ ์ œ์ œ, ํ˜ˆ์•ก์ œ์ œ, ์œ ์ „์ž์น˜๋ฃŒ์ œ, ์„ธํฌ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ œ ๋“ฑ ๊ณต์ต์ƒ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ณด๊ฑด์œ„์ƒ์ƒ ์œ„ํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์šฐ๋ ค๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ธ์ •๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ž„์ƒ์‹œํ—˜์„ ์ œํ•œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. โ‘ฃ ์ œ1ํ•ญ์˜ ๊ทœ์ •์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ž„์ƒ์‹œํ—˜์„ ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž๋Š” ์ž„์ƒ์‹œํ—˜์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ ๋ฐ ์ž„์ƒ์‹œํ—˜ ์ค‘ ํ”ผํ—˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ƒ์˜ ํ”ผํ•ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด์ƒ๋‚ด์šฉ๊ณผ ์ ˆ์ฐจ ๋“ฑ์„ ํ”ผํ—˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ”ผํ—˜์ž์˜ ๋™์˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. โ‘ค ์ œ1ํ•ญ์˜ ๊ทœ์ •์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ž„์ƒ์‹œํ—˜์„ ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž๋Š” ๋ณด๊ฑด๋ณต์ง€๋ถ€๋ น์ด ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ์ œ์กฐ์‹œ์„ค์—์„œ ์ œ์กฐ ๋˜๋Š” ์ œ์กฐ๋˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์ž…๋œ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆยท์˜๋ฃŒ์šฉ๊ตฌ ๋“ฑ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. โ‘ฅ ์‹ํ’ˆ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ์•ˆ์ „์ฒญ์žฅ์€ ์ œ1ํ•ญ์˜ ๊ทœ์ •์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์Šน์ธ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ์Šน์ธ๋ฐ›์€ ์ž„์ƒ์‹œํ—˜์ด ์Šน์ธ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ์Šน์ธ๋ฐ›์€ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์— ์œ„๋ฐ˜๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ค‘๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑยท์œค๋ฆฌ์„ฑ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ธฐ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์ž„์ƒ์‹œํ—˜์šฉ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๊ธˆ์ง€ ๋ฐ ํšŒ์ˆ˜ยทํ๊ธฐ ๋“ฑ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์กฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. โ‘ฆ์ œ1ํ•ญ ๋ฐ ์ œ4ํ•ญ์˜ ๊ทœ์ •์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ž„์ƒ์‹œํ—˜๊ณ„ํš์— ํฌํ•จ๋  ์‚ฌํ•ญยทํ”ผํ—˜์ž์˜ ๋™์˜๋‚ด์šฉ๊ณผ ์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•ยท์ž„์ƒ์‹œํ—˜์‹ค์‹œ๊ธฐ์ค€ ๋“ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์€ ๋ณด๊ฑด๋ณต์ง€๋ถ€๋ น์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ–‰์ •์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฒ• ์ œ4์กฐ(์‹ ์˜์„ฑ์‹ค ๋ฐ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ณดํ˜ธ) โ‘ก ํ–‰์ •์ฒญ์€ ๋ฒ•๋ น ๋“ฑ์˜ ํ•ด์„ ๋˜๋Š” ํ–‰์ •์ฒญ์˜ ๊ด€ํ–‰์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์ง„ ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ๊ณต์ต ๋˜๋Š” ์ œ3์ž์˜ ์ •๋‹นํ•œ ์ด์ต์„ ํ˜„์ €ํžˆ ํ•ดํ•  ์šฐ๋ ค๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ•ด์„ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ด€ํ–‰์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์†Œ๊ธ‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ์„œ๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ผ. ์ธ์ • ์‚ฌ์‹ค [์ฆ ๊ฑฐ] ๋‹คํˆผ ์—†๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์„ ์ œ4ํ˜ธ์ฆ์˜ 1โˆผ3, ์„ ์ œ9ํ˜ธ์ฆ, ์„ ์ œ10ํ˜ธ์ฆ์˜ ๊ฐ ๊ธฐ์žฌ, ์ด ๋ฒ•์›์˜ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์กฐํšŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํฌ์ฒœ์ค‘๋ฌธ์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€์ฒด์˜ํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™์› ๊ฐ•๋‚จ์ฐจ๋ณ‘์› ํ†ต์ฆํด๋ฆฌ๋‹‰์˜ ํšŒ๋ณด๊ฒฐ๊ณผ (1)์›๊ณ ๋Š” 1989. ์ผ๋ณธ ์™€์„ธ๋‹ค๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋ฒ•๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™์„, 1992. ๊ณ ๋ ค๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์ •์น˜ํ•™๊ณผ(์„์‚ฌ๊ณผ์ •)๋ฅผ ์กธ์—…ํ•˜๊ณ , 1998. ํ•„๋ฆฌํ•€ Virgen Milagrosa ์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™์„ ์กธ์—…ํ•œ ํ›„, 1998. 5. 18. ํ”ผ๊ณ ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜์‚ฌ๋ฉดํ—ˆ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„, 1998. 6. 2. ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์—ฐ์ฒœ๊ตฐ ์‹ ์„œ๋ฉด์— ์˜์›์„ ๊ฐœ์„คํ•œ ์ž๋กœ์„œ, ์–ด๋–ค ๋ถ„์•ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ๋„ ์ˆ˜๋ จ์˜๊ณผ์ •(์ธํ„ด, ๋ ˆ์ง€๋˜ํŠธ)์„ ๊ฑฐ์นœ ๋ฐ”๋Š” ์—†๋‹ค. (2)์›๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ ˆ์—ผํ™˜์ž๋“ค์„ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ด‰๋…์ฃผ์‚ฌ์•ก์„ ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์น˜๋ฃŒํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒฝ์œ„๋Š” ๋ด‰๋…์š”๋ฒ•์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ช‡ ํŽธ์˜ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„ ์ฝ์–ด ๋‚˜๋ฆ„๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ทธ ์‹œ์ˆ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ตํžŒ ํ›„ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์„ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ด๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ , ๋ด‰๋…์š”๋ฒ•์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ๋ณ„๋„๋กœ ์ „๋ฌธ์ ์ธ ๊ต์œก์„ ๋ฐ›๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ด์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•œ ๋ฐ”๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. (3)์›๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๋ด‰๋…์ฃผ์‚ฌ์•ก์€ ์ „๋‚จ ํ™”์ˆœ๊ตฐ ์†Œ์žฌ ์œ ๋ฐ€๋ด‰๋…(๋Œ€ํ‘œ ์ตœ๋Œ€๋ด‰)์—์„œ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•œ ๋ด‰๋…์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ฒด๋กœ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ๋ฆฌ์‹์—ผ์ˆ˜์— ํฌ์„์‹œํ‚จ ํ›„ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ตญ์†Œ๋งˆ์ทจ์ œ์ธ ๋ฆฌ๋„์นด์ธ์„ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ , ์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€ ์‹์•ฝ์ฒญ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋˜๋Š” ๋ด‰๋…์ฃผ์‚ฌ์•ก์€ ์—†๋‹ค. ๋ด‰๋…(Bee Venom) ์ฃผ์‚ฌ์•ก๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ํ’ˆ๋ชฉํ—ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ ์ž„์ƒ์‹œํ—˜ํ˜„ํ™ฉ์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณด๋ฉด, ๊ตฌ์ฃผ์ œ์•ฝ(์ฃผ)์—์„œ 1999. 11. 29. ๊ตฌ์ฃผ์•„ํ”ผํ†ก์‹  ์ฃผ์‚ฌ์•ก์„ ์ž„์ƒ์‹œํ—˜์šฉ์— ํ•œํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ํ’ˆ๋ชฉํ—ˆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ ์ƒํƒœ์ด๋ฉฐ, ํ˜„์žฌ ์ถฉ๋ถ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋ณ‘์› ์ •ํ˜•์™ธ๊ณผ, ์ˆ™๋ช…์—ฌ๋Œ€ ์•ฝํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ์œ„ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ์•ก์˜ ์œ ํšจ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ œ3์ƒ ์ฃผ39) ์ž„์ƒ์‹œํ—˜ ์ฃผ40) ์ฃผ41) ์ฃผ42) ์ฃผ43) ์ฃผ44) ์ฃผ45) ์ฃผ46) ์ฃผ47) ์ฃผ48) ์ฃผ49) ์ฃผ50) ์ฃผ51) ์ฃผ52) ์ฃผ53) ์ฃผ54) ์ฃผ55) ์ฃผ56) ์ฃผ57) ์ฃผ58) ์ฃผ59) ์ฃผ60) ์ฃผ61) ์ฃผ62) ์ฃผ63) ์ฃผ64) ์ฃผ65) ์ฃผ66) ์ฃผ67) ์ฃผ68) ์ฃผ69) ์ฃผ70) ์ฃผ71) ์ฃผ72) ์ฃผ73) ์ฃผ74) ์ฃผ75) ์ฃผ76) ์ฃผ77) ์„ ์ง„ํ–‰์ค‘์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ์ด ๋ฒ•์›์˜ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์กฐํšŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ํšŒ๋ณด๋ฅผ ํ•œ ํฌ์ฒœ์ค‘๋ฌธ์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๋ด‰๋…์š”๋ฒ•์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์‹ฌํฌ์ง€์›€์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์ด์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์†ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ด‰๋…์š”๋ฒ•์„ ์ž„์ƒ์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ. ํŒ ๋‹จ (1)'ํ•™๋ฌธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •๋˜์ง€ ์•„๋‹ˆํ•˜๋Š” ์ง„๋ฃŒํ–‰์œ„'์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํŒ๋‹จ ์‚ดํ”ผ๊ฑด๋Œ€, ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ• ์ œ53์กฐ ์ œ1ํ•ญ ์ œ1ํ˜ธ๋Š” ์˜๋ฃŒ์ธ์ด '์˜๋ฃŒ์ธ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์‹ฌํžˆ ๊ทธ ํ’ˆ์œ„๋ฅผ ์†์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๋•Œ'์—๋Š” 1๋…„์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ทธ ๋ฉดํ—ˆ์ž๊ฒฉ์„ ์ •์ง€์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋™๋ฒ•์‹œํ–‰๋ น ์ œ21์กฐ ์ œ1ํ•ญ ์ œ1ํ˜ธ๋Š” ์˜๋ฃŒ์ธ์˜ ํ’ˆ์œ„์†์ƒํ–‰์œ„์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„์— ์†ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ 'ํ•™๋ฌธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •๋˜์ง€ ์•„๋‹ˆํ•˜๋Š” ์ง„๋ฃŒํ–‰์œ„'๋ฅผ ๋“ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ•œํŽธ ์•ฝ์‚ฌ๋ฒ• ์ œ26์กฐ์˜4๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ์˜ ์œ ํšจ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ์„ ์ž…์ฆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ž„์ƒ์‹œํ—˜๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ž„์ƒ์‹œํ—˜์„ ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž๋Š” ์ž„์ƒ์‹œํ—˜๊ณ„ํš์„œ๋ฅผ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹์•ฝ์ฒญ์žฅ์˜ ์Šน์ธ์„ ์–ป์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ž„์ƒ์‹œํ—˜์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ ๋ฐ ์ž„์ƒ์‹œํ—˜ ์ค‘ ํ”ผํ—˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ƒ์˜ ํ”ผํ•ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด์ƒ๋‚ด์šฉ๊ณผ ์ ˆ์ฐจ ๋“ฑ์„ ํ”ผํ—˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ”ผํ—˜์ž์˜ ๋™์˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ณด๊ฑด๋ณต์ง€๋ถ€๋ น์ด ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ์ œ์กฐ์‹œ์„ค์—์„œ ์ œ์กฐ ๋˜๋Š” ์ œ์กฐ๋˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์ž…๋œ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ ๋“ฑ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ , ์‹์•ฝ์ฒญ์žฅ์€ ์Šน์ธ๋ฐ›์€ ์ž„์ƒ์‹œํ—˜์ด ์Šน์ธ๋ฐ›์€ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์— ์œ„๋ฐ˜๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ค‘๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑยท์œค๋ฆฌ์„ฑ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ธฐ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์ž„์ƒ์‹œํ—˜์šฉ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๊ธˆ์ง€ ๋ฐ ํšŒ์ˆ˜ยทํ๊ธฐ ๋“ฑ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์กฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ทœ์ •ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ์ž„์ƒ์‹œํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์—„๊ฒฉํ•œ ๊ทœ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ”, ์œ„ ๊ทœ์ •์„ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•˜๋ฉด, ๋ณด๊ฑด๋ณต์ง€๋ถ€์žฅ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฉดํ—ˆ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ ์˜์‚ฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ์ž„์ƒ์‹œํ—˜์˜ ์ฃผ78) ํ”ผํ—˜์ž ์ฃผ79) ์ฃผ80) ์ฃผ81) ์ฃผ82) ์ฃผ83) ์ฃผ84) ์ฃผ85) ์ฃผ86) ์ฃผ87) ์ฃผ88) ์ฃผ89) ์ฃผ90) ์ฃผ91) ์ฃผ92) ์ฃผ93) ์ฃผ94) ์ฃผ95) ์ฃผ96) ์ฃผ97) ์ฃผ98) ์ฃผ99) ์ฃผ100) ์ฃผ101) ์ฃผ102) ์ฃผ103) ์ฃผ104) ์ฃผ105) ์ฃผ106) ์ฃผ107) ์ฃผ108) ์ฃผ109) ์ฃผ110) ์ฃผ111) ์ฃผ112) ์ฃผ113) ์ฃผ114) ์ฃผ115) ์ฃผ116) ์ฃผ117) ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ '์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™˜์ž'๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง„๋ฃŒํ–‰์œ„๋Š” '์ด๋ฏธ ์ž„์ƒ์‹œํ—˜ ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ๊ทธ ์œ ํšจ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ ๋“ฑ์ด ํ•™๋ฌธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€์ฆ๋œ ์ง„๋ฃŒํ–‰์œ„'์— ํ•œํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ , ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ œํ•œ์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฉดํ—ˆ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ธ์˜ ์ง„๋ฃŒํ–‰์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜๊ตญ๋ฏผ์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ๋„ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณด๊ฑด๋Œ€, ์œ„ ์ธ์ • ์‚ฌ์‹ค์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ด‰๋…์ฃผ์‚ฌ์•ก์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ๋Š” ์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ์ž„์ƒ์‹œํ—˜์ด ์ง„ํ–‰์ค‘์ด์–ด์„œ ๊ทธ ์œ ํšจ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ์ด ํ•™๋ฌธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€์ฆ๋œ ๋ฐ” ์—†์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ด‰๋…์ฃผ์‚ฌ์•ก์„ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๊ฐœ์—…์˜์ธ ์›๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ์ž„์ƒ์‹œํ—˜๊ณ„ํš์˜ ์Šน์ธ์„ ์–ป๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์†Œ์ •์˜ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์น˜์ง€ ์•„๋‹ˆํ•œ ์ฑ„ ์˜๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์ ˆ์—ผ์„ ์•“๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์‚ฌํ•œ ํ–‰์œ„๋Š” ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ• ์ œ53์กฐ ์ œ1ํ•ญ ์ œ1ํ˜ธ, ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์‹œํ–‰๋ น ์ œ21์กฐ ์ œ1ํ•ญ ์ œ1ํ˜ธ ์†Œ์ •์˜ 'ํ•™๋ฌธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •๋˜์ง€ ์•„๋‹ˆํ•˜๋Š” ์ง„๋ฃŒํ–‰์œ„'์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋น„๋ก ํ•œ๋ฐฉ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ด‰์นจ์š”๋ฒ•์ด ์•ฝ์นจ์ˆ ์˜ ์ผ์ข…์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„, ์ด๋Š” ์นจ์ˆ  ๋“ฑ ํ•œ๋ฐฉ์˜ํ•™์„ ์ „๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ์ž๊ฒฉ์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ˜ ์ž์ธ ํ•œ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ์•ฝ์—์„œ ์ถ”์ถœํ•œ ์•ฝ์นจ์•ก์„ ๊ฒฝํ˜ˆ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฒฝ๋ฝ์— ์ฃผ์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด๋ฅธ๋ฐ” ์•ฝ์นจ์š”๋ฒ•์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ทธ ์•ฝ์นจ์•ก์œผ๋กœ ๋ด‰๋…์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ, ํ•œ์˜์‚ฌ์™€๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์นจ์ˆ  ๋“ฑ์„ ์ „๊ณตํ•œ ๋ฐ”๋„ ์—†๊ณ  ์ž๊ฒฉ์š”๊ฑด๋„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–‘์˜์‚ฌ์ธ ์›๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์œ ํšจ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ์ด ํ•™๋ฌธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€์ฆ๋œ ๋ฐ” ์—†๋Š” ๋ด‰๋…์ฃผ์‚ฌ์•ก์„ ๊ด€์ ˆ์—ผ์„ ์•“๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์‚ฌํ•œ ํ–‰์œ„๊ฐ€ 'ํ•™๋ฌธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •๋˜์ง€ ์•„๋‹ˆํ•˜๋Š” ์ง„๋ฃŒํ–‰์œ„'์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํŒ๋‹จํ•จ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ด๋ฅผ ํ•œ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ด‰์นจ์š”๋ฒ•์„ ์‹œ์ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์›๊ณ ์˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ์€ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค. (2) ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ณดํ˜ธ์›์น™์— ์œ„๋ฐฐ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํŒ๋‹จ ํ•œํŽธ, ์›๊ณ ์˜ ๋ด‰๋…์‹œ์ˆ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ํ–‰์ •์ง€๋„๋„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•„๋‹ˆํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฌต์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜ค๋˜ ํ”ผ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์ฒ˜๋ถ„์„ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ณดํ˜ธ์˜ ์›์น™์„ ์œ„๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ„๋ฒ•ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์›๊ณ ์˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณด๊ฑด๋Œ€, ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ–‰์ •์ƒ์˜ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ํ–‰์ •์ฒญ์˜ ํ–‰์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ณดํ˜ธ์˜ ์›์น™์ด ์ ์šฉ๋˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ๋Š”, ์ฒซ์งธ ํ–‰์ •์ฒญ์ด ๊ฐœ์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณต์ ์ธ ๊ฒฌํ•ดํ‘œ๋ช…์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋‘˜์งธ ํ–‰์ •์ฒญ์˜ ๊ฒฌํ•ดํ‘œ๋ช…์ด ์ •๋‹นํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•œ ๋ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ ๊ฐœ์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ท€์ฑ…์‚ฌ์œ ๊ฐ€ ์—†์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์…‹์งธ ๊ทธ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ๊ทธ ๊ฒฌํ•ดํ‘œ๋ช…์„ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด์— ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ํ•˜์˜€์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋„ท์งธ ํ–‰์ •์ฒญ์ด ์œ„ ๊ฒฌํ•ดํ‘œ๋ช…์— ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฒ˜๋ถ„์„ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ทธ ๊ฒฌํ•ดํ‘œ๋ช…์„ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ด์ต์ด ์นจํ•ด๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ดˆ๋ž˜๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ”( ๋Œ€๋ฒ•์› 1999. 5. 25. ์„ ๊ณ  99๋‘1052 ํŒ๊ฒฐ, 2001. 11. 9. ์„ ๊ณ  2001๋‘7251 ํŒ๊ฒฐ ๋“ฑ ์ฐธ์กฐ), ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณด๋ฉด ํ”ผ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์ฒ˜๋ถ„ ์ด์ „์— ์›๊ณ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ด‰๋…์š”๋ฒ•์˜ ์‹œํ–‰๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ํ–‰์ •์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ์ผœ ํ”ผ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ์›๊ณ ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ด‰๋…์น˜๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ํ•™๋ฌธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •๋˜๋Š” ์ง„๋ฃŒํ–‰์œ„๋ผ๋Š” ๊ณต์  ๊ฒฌํ•ด๋ฅผ ํ‘œ๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ, ๊ทธ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณต์  ๊ฒฌํ•ด์˜ ํ‘œ๋ช…์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Œ์„ ์ „์ œ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์›๊ณ ์˜ ์œ„ ์ฃผ์žฅ์€ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณผ ํ•„์š”๋„ ์—†์ด ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค. 3. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์›๊ณ ์˜ ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์ฒญ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์—†์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŒ์‚ฌ ํ•œ๊ฐ•ํ˜„(์žฌํŒ์žฅ) ์ •ํƒœํ•™ ๊น€์„ฑ์šฑ ์ฃผ1) ์›๊ณ ์™€ ํ”ผ๊ณ  ํšŒ์‚ฌ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ž‘์„ฑ๋œ ์™ธ๊ตญํ™˜๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์•ฝ์ •์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ‘ ์ œ2ํ˜ธ์ฆ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋Š” 1997. 5. ๊ฐœ์ •ํŒ์˜ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž„. ํ•œํŽธ, ์›๊ณ ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ 2000. 8 ๊ฐœ์ •ํŒ์˜ ์™ธ๊ตญํ™˜๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์•ฝ์ •์„œ(๊ฐ‘ ์ œ18ํ˜ธ์ฆ) ์–‘์‹์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ. ์ฃผ2) Opinions of the ICC Banking Commission 1997, More Queries and Responses on UCP 500 1997, Sub-Article 10(b)(ii) and (c) p. 19 ์ฐธ์กฐ. ์ฃผ3) ์‹ ์šฉ์žฅ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ์ถฉ์กฑ๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๊ฐœ์„ค์€ํ–‰์ด ์‹ ์šฉ์žฅ๋Œ€๊ธˆ์„ ์ง€๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ™˜์–ด์Œ ๋“ฑ์„ ๋งค์ž…ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‹ ์šฉ ์ฃผ4) ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์‹ ์šฉ์žฅ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ์ถฉ์กฑ๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ฐœ์„ค์€ํ–‰์€ ์‹ ์šฉ์žฅ ๋Œ€๊ธˆ์„ ์ง€๊ธ‰ํ•  ์‹ ์šฉ์„ ๋ถ€๋‹ดํ•˜์ง€ ์•„๋‹ˆํ•˜๊ณ , ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ฐœ์„ค์€ํ–‰์ด ๊ทธ ์‹ ์šฉ์„ ์ €๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ๋งค์ž…์€ํ–‰์ด ๋ถ€๋‹ดํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•  ์œ„ํ—˜, ์ฆ‰ ๊ฐœ์„ค์€ํ–‰์˜ ์‹ ์šฉ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋งค์ž…์€ํ–‰์ด ๊ทธ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ๋ถ€๋‹ดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณธ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ5) ๋ฏธํ•ฉ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ฏธํ•ฉ์ค‘๊ตญ ํ†ต์ผ์ƒ๋ฒ•์ „ ๋˜๋Š” ์ด์— ์ƒ์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ๋ฒ•์ด ์ ์šฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š”, ์‹ ์šฉ์žฅ๋ถ€ ํ™˜์–ด์Œ์˜ ๋งค์ž…์€ํ–‰์ด ๋งค์ž…์˜๋ขฐ์ธ์ด์ž ํ™˜์–ด์Œ์˜ ๋ฐœํ–‰์ธ์„ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ•œ ์†Œ๊ตฌ๊ถŒ ํ–‰์‚ฌ์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๊ด€๋ จ ์ค€๊ฑฐ๋ฒ•(ํ•ด๋‹น ํ™˜์–ด์Œ์˜ ๋งค์ž…๊ณ„์•ฝ์ด ์ฒด๊ฒฐ๋œ ๊ณณ์˜ ์œ ๊ฐ€์ฆ๊ถŒ๋ฒ•)์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ค€๊ฑฐ๋ฒ•์ƒ์˜ ์†Œ๊ตฌ๊ถŒ๋ณด์ „์ ˆ์ฐจ ๋ฐ ์‹œํšจ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ๊ทธ ์ฒญ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ธ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค(United States Court of Appeals First Circuit, Bank of Nova Scotia v. San Miguel(1952. 5. 14., 196 F.2d 950 ์ฐธ์กฐ). ์ฃผ6) ๊ฐ™์€ ์ทจ์ง€์˜ ํŒ๊ฒฐ๋กœ๋Š”, Appellate Court of Illinois, First District, Fifth Division, First Arlington National Bank v. Gus Stathis (115 Ill. App. 3d 403, 450 N. E. 2d 833, 71 Ill. Dec. 145)๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ. ์ฃผ7) ํ•œํŽธ, United States District Court, District of Columbia, Phillips College, Inc. v. Richard W. Riley (1994. 2. 15. 844 F. Supp. 808) ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์€, ์‹ ์šฉ์žฅ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ต์ž๊ฐ€ ์–‘๋„ ๋ฐ ์ œ์‹œ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ฏธํ•ฉ์ค‘๊ตญ ํ†ต์ผ์ƒ๋ฒ•์ „์ƒ์˜ ๋‹ด๋ณด, ์ฆ‰ ์‹ ์šฉ์žฅ์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ํ•ฉ์น˜๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์œ„๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค.๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ˆ˜์ต์ž(ํ”ผ๊ณ )์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ค์˜๋ขฐ์ธ(์›๊ณ )์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ด๋ณด์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋ถ€์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฃผ8) ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ™”ํ™˜์–ด์Œ ์ด์™ธ์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์–ด์Œ ํ• ์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ™˜๋งค์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€์Šต์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ, ํŒ๋ก€์˜ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์–ด์Œํ• ์ธ์€ ์†Œ๋น„๋Œ€์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์–ด์Œ์˜ ๋งค๋งค์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ํ™˜๋งค๋ฅผ ์ฒญ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œํŽธ, ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ธ ๊ด€์Šต์œผ๋กœ์„œ ํ™˜๋งค์˜ ํŠน์•ฝ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(ํ•œํŽธ, ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ตœ๊ณ ์žฌํŒ์†Œ ์†Œํ™” 40. 11. 2. ๋ฏผ์ง‘ 19๊ถŒ 8ํ˜ธ, 1927๋ฉด์ด ํ• ์ธ์˜๋ขฐ์ž์˜ ์‹ ์šฉ์ด ์•…ํ™”๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ํ•ด๋‹น ์–ด์Œ์˜ ํ™˜๋งค์ฒญ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ , ํ• ์ธ์˜๋ขฐ์ž๋Š” ์ด์— ์‘ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์•ˆ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ด€์Šต์„ ์€ํ–‰๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์—์„œ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜์˜€์Œ). ์œ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด [๊ด€ํ–‰]์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ๋ช…ํ™•์„ฑ์„ ํ ๊ฒฐํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋ถ„์Ÿ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ”ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ผ๋ณธ ์ „๊ตญ์€ํ–‰์—ฐํ•ฉํšŒ๋Š” ์†Œํ™” 37๋…„(1962) 8์›”์— [์€ํ–‰์ทจ์ธ์•ฝ์ •์„œ ใฒใชํ˜•]์„ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ, ๊ทธ ์ œ6์กฐ(ํ• ์ธ์–ด์Œ์˜ ํ™˜๋งค)์— ํ™˜๋งค์ฒญ๊ตฌ๊ถŒ์„ ๋ช…๊ธฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์œ„ [์€ํ–‰์ทจ์ธ์•ฝ์ •์„œ ใฒใชํ˜•]์˜ 1977. 4. 19.์ž ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ฐœ์ •ํŒ์€ ์ด์ค€์ƒ, ์—ฌ์‹ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๊ธฐ๋ณธ์•ฝ๊ด€ํ•ด์„ค, ์œก๋ฒ•์‚ฌ(1990) p. 646์— ๊ฒŒ์žฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Œ. ์ฃผ9) ์œ„ '์ผ๋ณธ ๋ชจํ˜•'์˜ ์ œ์ •์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ์ž๋Š”, ์ผ๋ณธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์‹ ์šฉ์žฅ๋ถ€ ์–ด์Œ์˜ ๋งค์ž…๋„ [๊ตญ๋‚ด๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์—์„œ์˜ ์ƒ์—…์–ด์Œํ• ์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ์™€ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ, ์˜๋ขฐ์ธ์ธ ์‹ ์šฉ์žฅ ์ˆ˜์ต์ž์˜ ์–ด์Œํ™˜๋งค๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์— ์ „๋ฉด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋™์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฌ์‹ ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธˆ์œต๊ณ„์˜ ๊ด€ํ–‰์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(๋ฐ˜์ „์Šน์ธ [์ˆ˜์ถœํ™”ํ™˜์‹ ์šฉ์žฅ์— ๊ธฐํ•œ ์–ด์Œ์˜ ๋งค์ž…๊ณผ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ตญ์˜ ์€ํ–‰๊ด€์Šต] ๊ธˆ์œต๋ฒ•๋ฌด์‚ฌ์ • 1192ํ˜ธ 4๋ฉด ์ดํ•˜ ์ฐธ์กฐ). ์ฃผ10) Souichirou Kozuka, [Uniform Rules versus Freedom of Contract๏ผšJapanese Practice in letters of Credit Transactions], Singapore Journal of International and Comparative Law 2000. 4. p. 148 ์ดํ•˜๋Š”, ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์œ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ด€ํ–‰์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ด๋ฅผ Japanese practice๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ช…๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ11) ์œ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ทจ์ง€๋ฅผ ํŒ์‹œํ•œ ํŒ๊ฒฐ๋กœ๋Š” ๋™๊ฒฝ์ง€์žฌ, ํ‰์„ฑ 2. 11. 19. ํŒ๊ฒฐ, ๊ธˆ์œต๋ฒ•๋ฌด์‚ฌ์ • 1272ํ˜ธ p. 37 ์ดํ•˜ ์ฐธ์กฐ. ์ฃผ12) [ํŠน์ง‘๏ผ์ˆ˜์ถœ์ทจ์ธ์•ฝ์ •์„œ ใฒใชํ˜•์˜ ์ œ์ •๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์‹ค๋ฌด, โ…  ใฒใชํ˜• ์ œ์ •์˜ ๊ฒฝ์œ„์™€ ์ทจ์ง€, โ…ก ใฒใชํ˜•์˜ ์ œ์ •๊ณผ ์™ธํ™˜์‹ค๋ฌด์—์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ, โ…ข ใฒใชํ˜•์˜ ์ถ•์กฐํ•ด์„ค], ๊ธˆ์œต๋ฒ•๋ฌด์‚ฌ์ • 1024ํ˜ธ ๋ฐ ์†Œ์ด์žฅ์ผ๋ž‘, [์€ํ–‰๊ฐ„ ์‹ ์šฉ์žฅ๋ถ€ ํ™”ํ™˜์–ด์Œ ํ™˜๋งค์˜ ๊ด€ํ–‰], ใ‚ธใƒฅใƒชใ‚นใƒˆ, 1021ํ˜ธ(1993. 4.) p. 141 ์ดํ•˜ ์ฐธ์กฐ. ์ฃผ13) ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ๋Š”, ์ผ๋ณธ๊ตญ์˜ ํŠน์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๊ด€ํ–‰์œผ๋กœ์„œ, ๋งค์ž…์€ ๋งค์ž…์˜๋ขฐ์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฌ์‹ ์ด์–ด์„œ ๊ทธ ์ฑ„๊ถŒ๋ณด์ „์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๊ฐœ์„ค์€ํ–‰์˜ ์ง€๊ธ‰๊ฑฐ์ ˆ์˜ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์‹ ์šฉ์žฅํ†ต์ผ๊ทœ์น™์— ๋น„์ถ”์–ด ๋ถ€๋‹นํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ด์–ด๋„, ๋งค์ž…์˜๋ขฐ์ธ๊ณผ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์•ฝ์ •์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ง€๊ธ‰๊ฑฐ์ ˆ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์œ ๋งŒ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋ฉด, ๋งค์ž…์€ํ–‰์€ ๋งค์ž…์˜๋ขฐ์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™˜๋งค์ฒญ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ฐœ์„ค์€ํ–‰์€ ๋ณด์ƒ์ฑ„๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋ฉดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ํ•ด์™ธ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ค์€ํ–‰์€, ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋– ํ•˜๋“ , ์ง€๊ธ‰์„ ๊ฑฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋ฉด, ์ผ๋ณธ๊ตญ์˜ ์€ํ–‰์€ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋Š” ์ž…์žฅ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ธ์‹์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋ ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค.๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ, ์œ„ ๋ฏธํ•ฉ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ด€ํ–‰์ด ๋” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์งํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ ํ•™์ž ๋ฐ ์€ํ–‰์‹ค๋ฌด๊ฐ€(๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์žฅ๊ตฌ๋ณด์œต์˜, [์‹ ์šฉ์žฅ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์—์„œ์˜ ํŠน์•ฝ์— ๊ธฐํ•œ ๋งค์ž…์€ํ–‰์˜ ์ƒํ™˜์ฒญ๊ตฌ], ์ˆ˜ํ˜•์—ฐ๊ตฌ 451ํ˜ธ p. 18 ์ดํ•˜ ์ฐธ์กฐ)๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ14) ์œ„ ์„œ์‹์€ ์ด์ค€์ƒ, ์•ž์˜ ์ฑ… P. 638์— ๊ฒŒ์žฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Œ. ์ฃผ15) ๋‹ค๋งŒ, ํ™•์ธ์€ํ–‰(confirming bank)์ด ๋งค์ž…์€ํ–‰์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ™˜์–ด์Œ์˜ ์ง€๊ธ‰์ œ์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„ (์‹ ์šฉ์žฅ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ์ถฉ์กฑ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜์—ฌ) ์ด๋ฅผ ๋งค์ž… ๋˜๋Š” ์ง€๊ธ‰ํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ ๊ฐœ์„ค์€ํ–‰์— ๋ณด์ƒ์ฒญ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ฐœ์„ค์€ํ–‰์ด ์„œ๋ฅ˜๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜ ๋“ฑ์„ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€๊ธ‰์„ ๊ฑฐ์ ˆํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋งค์ž…์€ํ–‰์ด ํ™•์ธ์€ํ–‰์— ์ง€๊ธ‰๋ฐ›์€ ์–ด์Œ๋Œ€๊ธˆ์„ ๋ฐ˜ํ™˜ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์žฌ๋งค์ž…ํ•œ ํ›„, ๋งค์ž…์˜๋ขฐ์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ํ™˜๋งค์ฒญ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š”, ์ผ๋‹จ ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๊ณผ ๋ฌด๊ด€ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ, ๊ฐœ์ •๋œ ์‹ ์šฉ์žฅํ†ต์ผ๊ทœ์น™๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ์˜ ๊ทธ ๊ฐ€๋ถ€๋Š” ์œ„ ํŒ๋‹จ์—์„œ ์ œ์™ธ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ16) ์œ„ ์ œ1์˜ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜ ์‚ฌ์œ ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ, ์œ„ ์‹ ์šฉ์žฅ ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์œ„ ์„ ํ•˜์ฆ๊ถŒ์€ ์ˆ˜ํ•˜์ธ์„ To the order of ์›๊ณ ๋กœ ๋ฐœํ–‰๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด์— ์›๊ณ ๊ฐ€ delivery to the order of ๋งค์ž…์€ํ–‰์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ˜•์‹์˜ ์ง€์‹œ์‹ ๋ฐฐ์„œ๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ ๊ฐœ์„ค์€ํ–‰์— ์†ก๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜€์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์ด๋Š” ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜ ์‚ฌ์œ ๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ , ์ œ2์˜ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜ ์‚ฌ์œ ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ด๋Š” ๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•œ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜ ์‚ฌ์œ ์— ํ•ด๋‹น๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ œ3์˜ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜ ์‚ฌ์œ ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ, ์„ ํ•˜์ฆ๊ถŒ ์„œ๋‘์— J. H. K. Transportation System, Inc. ๋ฐ ๊ทธ ๋ฌธ์–‘์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์œ„ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์ƒ์šด์†ก์ธ์ด๋ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ, ํ•ด์ƒ์šด์†ก์ธ์ด ์ง์ ‘ ์„œ๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ํ•ด์ƒ์šด์†ก์ธ์˜ ์ž๊ฒฉ ํ‘œ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์„ ์žฅ ๋˜๋Š” ์œ„ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ง์›์ด ์„œ๋ช…ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‚˜, ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์„œ๋ช…๋ž€์— ์šด์†ก์ธ ๋˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„œ๋ช…ํ•œ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์ƒ ๊ทธ ์„œ๋ช…์ž๊ฐ€ ์šด์†ก์ธ์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„œ๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ๋˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„œ๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐํžˆ๋Š” ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ํ•œํŽธ ํ”ผ๊ณ ๋“ค์˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด, ์œ„ ์„ ํ•˜์ฆ๊ถŒ์€ ์œ„ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์šด์†ก์ฃผ์„ ์ธ์ธ ์†Œ์™ธ Speed Logitech Co., Ltd์˜ ์ง์›์ด ์„œ๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋ฐ”, ์‚ฌ์ •์ด ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด ์„œ๋ช…์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ„ ์„ ํ•˜์ฆ๊ถŒ์„ ๋ฐœํ–‰ํ•œ ์œ„ ์šด์†ก์ฃผ์„ ์ธ์€ ์‹ ์šฉ์žฅํ†ต์ผ๊ทœ์น™ ์ œ30์กฐ์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ๊ทธ ์ž๊ฒฉ(์šด์†ก์ธ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์ธ์ง€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๊ทธ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์ธ์ง€)์„ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์ด๋„ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ •๋‹นํ•œ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜ ์‚ฌ์œ ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฃผ17) ๋ฐ˜์ „์Šน์ธ, [ํ™”ํ™˜์‹ ์šฉ์žฅ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์—์„œ์˜ ๋งค์ž…์˜๋ขฐ์ธ์˜ ํ•˜์ž๋‹ด๋ณด์ฑ…์ž„(Warranty)] ๊ธˆ์œต๋ฒ•๋ฌด์‚ฌ์ •, ์ œ1222ํ˜ธ(1989. 6.) p. 6 ์ดํ•˜ ์ฐธ์กฐ. ์ฃผ18) ์•ž์„œ ๋ณธ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ผ๋ณธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์‹ ์šฉ์žฅ๋ถ€ ํ™˜์–ด์Œ์˜ ๋งค์ž…์„ ๋งค์ž…์˜๋ขฐ์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์ด ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งค์ž…์€ํ–‰์ด ๋ถ€๋‹ดํ•˜๋Š” ์œ„ํ—˜์€, ์ „์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™˜๋งค์˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๋‹ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋งค์ž…์˜๋ขฐ์ธ์ด ๊ทธ ์˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ดํ–‰ํ•  ์ •๋„์˜ ์ž๋ ฅ์„ ์ƒ์‹คํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ์œ„ํ—˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ19) ๋™๊ฒฝ์ง€์žฌ, ํ‰์„ฑ 9. 6. 30. ๋ฏผ์‚ฌ์ œ30๋ถ€ ํŒ๊ฒฐ, ๊ธˆ์œต๋ฒ•๋ฌด์‚ฌ์ • ์ œ1512ํ˜ธ(1998. 4.) p. 34 ์ดํ•˜, ๋™๊ฒฝ์ง€์žฌ, ํ‰์„ฑ 10. 3. 25. ๋ฏผ์‚ฌ์ œ43๋ถ€ ํŒ๊ฒฐ, ๊ธˆ์œตใ†์ƒ์‚ฌ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ์ œ1056ํ˜ธ(1999. 1.) p. 35๋ฉด ์ดํ•˜ ์ฐธ์กฐ. ์ฃผ20) ๋ฏธํ•ฉ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์œ„ ํ†ต์ผ์ƒ๋ฒ•์ „ ๊ตฌ ์ œ5-111์กฐ ์ œ1ํ•ญ์— ๊ธฐํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ต์ž์˜ ๋งค๋„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋‹ด๋ณด์ฑ…์ž„์€ ๋งค์ž…์˜๋ขฐ์ธ(์ˆ˜์ต์ž)์ด ๋งค์ž…์€ํ–‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ ์šฉ์žฅ ์กฐ๊ฑด์˜ ์ผ์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋ถ€๋‹ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์›์น™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งค์ž…์€ํ–‰์€ ๋งค์ž…์‹œ ์‹ ์šฉ์žฅ ์กฐ๊ฑด ์ผ์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๋‹ดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์œ„ ์ธ์šฉ๋œ ๋ฏธํ•ฉ์ค‘๊ตญ ํŒ๋ก€๋“ค์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋งค์ž…์€ํ–‰ ๋‹ด๋‹น์ง์›์˜ ์‹ ์šฉ์žฅ ์กฐ๊ฑด ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ์‹œ์˜ ์ž˜๋ชป์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋งค์ž…์˜๋ขฐ์ธ์ธก์˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ ๋ฐ ๊ทธ ํŒ๋‹จ์ด ์ „ํ˜€ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์—์„œ ์—ฟ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ, ๋ฏธํ•ฉ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํŒ๋ก€๋ฒ•์ƒ ์ธ์ •๋˜๋Š” ๊ธˆ๋ฐ˜์–ธ์˜ ์›์น™(estoppel) ๋“ฑ์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งค์ž…์€ํ–‰์˜ ๋งค์ž…๊ณผ์ •(ํŠนํžˆ ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ๊ณผ์ •)์—์„œ์˜ ํ–‰์œ„์— ๊ธฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งค์ž…์˜๋ขฐ์ธ์˜ ๋‹ด๋ณด์ฑ…์ž„์ด ๋ถ€์ •๋  ์—ฌ์ง€๋Š” ์žˆ๋‹ค ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฃผ21) ์œ„ '๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜ ์‹ ๊ณ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ'๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„, โ‘  ์•ž์„œ ๋ณธ ์™ธ๊ตญํ™˜๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์•ฝ์ •์„œ ์ œ11์กฐ ์ œ1ํ•ญ ์ œ4ํ˜ธ์˜ ํ™˜๋งค์ฒญ๊ตฌ์‚ฌ์œ ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋ฌธ๋ฆฌํ•ด์„์ƒ ์ง€๊ธ‰ ๋˜๋Š” ์ธ์ˆ˜๊ฑฐ์ ˆ๋œ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ๋ฌธํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์œ„ ์‚ฌ์œ  ํ•ด๋‹น ์—ฌ๋ถ€์˜ ํŒ๋‹จ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๋งค์ž…์€ํ–‰์ด ์‹ ์šฉ์žฅ ์กฐ๊ฑด์˜ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ„๊ณผํ•˜๊ณ  ๋งค์ˆ˜ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„๋˜๋ฉฐ, โ‘ก ์•„์šธ๋Ÿฌ ๋’ค์—์„œ ๋ณด๋Š” ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ ๋งค๋งค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋งค๋„์ธ์ด ๊ทธ ์œ ํšจใ†์™„์ „์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•˜์ž๋‹ด๋ณด์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋ถ€๋‹ดํ•จ์€ ๋‹น์—ฐํ•œ ๋ฒ•์›์น™์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์‹ ์šฉ์žฅ ์กฐ๊ฑด์˜ ์ผ์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฑ…์ž„์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋งค์ž…์˜๋ขฐ์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฃผ22) ์•ž์„œ ์ธ์šฉํ•œ ๋™๊ฒฝ์ง€์žฌ ํ‰์„ฑ 10. 3. 25. ํŒ๊ฒฐ์€ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ • ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋งค์ž…์€ํ–‰์˜ ๋งค์ž…์˜๋ขฐ์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ™˜๋งค์ฒญ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ ์˜์น™์ƒ ๋ถˆํ—ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฃผ23) โ‘ ์œ ํ†ต๊ฐ€๋Šฅ(negotiable)์ด๋ž€, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ(49 U.S Code, Chap. 801), ์˜๊ตญ(Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992)์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์„ ํ•˜์ฆ๊ถŒ์˜ ์ด์ „(transfer) ๋ฐฉ์‹์ธ ๋ฐฐ์„œ(endorsement)ใ†๊ต๋ถ€(delivery)์™€ ์–‘๋„(assignment) ์ค‘ ๋ฐฐ์„œ(order B/L)ใ†๊ต๋ถ€(bearer B/L)์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ ํ•˜์ฆ๊ถŒ์ด ์ด์ „๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜ํ•˜์ธ๋ž€์ด ๊ธฐ๋ช…์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœํ–‰๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ (1) ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” non- negotiable์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ์ด์ƒ ์œ ํ†ต๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‚˜, (2) ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” nominate B/L๋กœ์„œ (์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋‚˜๋ผ์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ) ๋ฐฐ์„œ๋งŒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์ด์ „์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์œ ํ†ต๋ถˆ๋Šฅ์ด๋‹ค.โ‘ก๋งŒ๊ตญํ•ด๋ฒ•ํšŒ(CMI, Comit Maritime International)๊ฐ€ 2001 ๋งˆ๋ จํ•œ ๊ตญ์ œํ•ด์ƒ๋ฌผํ’ˆ์šด์†ก์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ํ†ต์ผ์กฐ์•ฝ ์ œ์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ตœ์ข…์ดˆ์•ˆ(Final Draft Outline Instrument, CMI Yearbook 2001 ๋ฐ CMI Internet Site์— ๊ฒŒ์žฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Œ) 1(definitions) 14๋Š” (negotiable transport document means a transport document that indicates, by wording such as to order or negotiable or other appropriate wording recognized as having the same effect by the law governing the document, that the goods have been consigned to the order of the shipper, to the order of the consignee, or to bearer, and is not explicitly stated as being non-negotiable or not negotiable(์œ ํ†ต๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์šด์†ก์ฆ๊ถŒ์€, to order, negotiable ๋˜๋Š” ๋ณธ ์ฆ๊ถŒ์— ์ ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์— ๋™์ผํ•œ ํšจ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋ฌผํ’ˆ์ด ์†กํ•˜์ธ์˜ ์ง€์‹œ์ธ, ์ˆ˜ํ•˜์ธ์˜ ์ง€์‹œ์ธ ๋˜๋Š” ์†Œ์ง€์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ์œ„ํƒ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ช…์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ non-negotiable ๋˜๋Š” not negotiable์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์žฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ง€์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ์šด์†ก์ฆ๊ถŒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค)๊ณ  ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ24) ํ•œํŽธ, ์œ„ ๊ฐ ์„ ํ•˜์ฆ๊ถŒ์˜ ์ด๋ฉด์•ฝ๊ด€ ์ œโ…ก-3 3)๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์šด์†ก์ธ์ด ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋ถ€๋‹ดํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ๋Š” ๋ช…์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ์ฃผ25) ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ํŒŒ๊ธฐ์›(Cour de Cassation), June 25, 1985, The Mercandia Transporter โ…ก, DMF(Le Droit Maritime Franais, Paris, France) 1985, 659[Tetley, Marin Cargo Claims, 2005 March ์ถœํŒ์˜ˆ์ •, Chapter 8 Who may claim or sue VI. France - Who may sue ๋ถ€๋ถ„, http://tetley.law.mcgill.ca/ch8.htm์—์„œ ์žฌ์ธ์šฉํ•จ] ์ฐธ์กฐ. ์ฃผ26) ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ ํ•ญ์†Œ์›(Cour d'Appel de Paris), March 24, 1986, DMF 1987, 23 [Tetley, ์•ž์˜ ๊ธ€์—์„œ ์žฌ์ธ์šฉํ•จ] ์ฐธ์กฐ. ์ฃผ27) ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ๋Œ€๋ฒ•์›(The High Court), December 19, 1955, The Ramona, DMF 1996, 389, Bulletin Transportation, 1996, 55 ๋ฐ Cour d'Appel de Paris, July 5, 1996, The CMB Quadrant ๋ฐ The CMB Borigia, DMF 1997, 488 [Tetley, ์•ž์˜ ๊ธ€์—์„œ ์žฌ์ธ์šฉํ•จ] ์ฐธ์กฐ. ์ฃผ28) โ‘ ํ•œํŽธ, ์•ž์˜ ์ตœ์ข…์ดˆ์•ˆ ์ œ13์กฐ(Rights of Suit) ์ œ2ํ•ญ์€ In the event that a negotiable transport document or negotiable electronic record is issued, the holder is entitled to assert rights under the contract of carriage against the carrier or a performing party, without having to prove that it itself has suffered loss or damage. If such holder did not suffer the loss or damage itself, it shall be deemed to act on behalf of the party that suffered such loss or damage(์œ ํ†ต๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์šด์†ก์ฆ๊ถŒ ๋˜๋Š” ์œ ํ†ต๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์ „์ž๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ๋ฐœ๊ธ‰๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๊ทธ ์†Œ์ง€์ธ์€, ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ง์ ‘ ์†ํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์—ˆ์Œ์„ ์ž…์ฆํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„๋„, ์šด์†ก์ธ ๋˜๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ์šด์†ก ๋‹ด๋‹น์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์šด์†ก๊ณ„์•ฝ์— ๊ธฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์•ฝ ํ•ด๋‹น ์†Œ์ง€์ธ์ด ์†ํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋•Œ์—๋Š”, ํ•ด๋‹น ์†Œ์ง€์ธ์€ ํ•ด๋‹น ์†ํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์€ ์ž๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ–‰์œ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋œ๋‹ค)๊ณ , ์ œ3ํ•ญ์€ In the event that a negotiable transport document or negotiable electronic record is issued and the claimant is one of the persons referred to in article 13.1(์ด์ž๋“ค์€ the shipper, the consignee ๋“ฑ์ž„) without being the holder, such claimant must, in addition to its burden of proof that it suffered loss or damage in consequence of a breach of the contract of carriage, prove that the holder did not suffer such loss or damage(์œ ํ†ต๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์šด์†ก์ฆ๊ถŒ ๋˜๋Š” ์œ ํ†ต๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์ „์ž๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ๋ฐœ๊ธ‰๋˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์†Œ์ง€์ธ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์ œ13์กฐ ์ œ1ํ•ญ์˜ ์ž ์ค‘ 1์ธ์ด ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์ฒญ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ํ•ด๋‹น ์ฒญ๊ตฌ์ž๋Š” ์šด์†ก๊ณ„์•ฝ์œ„๋ฐ˜์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ์„œ ์†ํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ž…์ฆ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋ถ€๋‹ดํ•˜๋Š” ์™ธ์—, ํ•ด๋‹น ์†Œ์ง€์ธ์ด ์†ํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค)๊ณ  ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ.โ‘ก์œ„ ์ดˆ์•ˆ์˜ ๊ทœ์ •์€, ์„ ํ•˜์ฆ๊ถŒ ์†Œ์ง€์ธใ†์ˆ˜์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ถœ์ƒใ†์†กํ•˜์ธ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹ค์งˆ์†ํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์ƒ๋ฐ›์•˜์Œ์—๋„ ์„ ํ•˜์ฆ๊ถŒ์„ ๋ฐฐ์„œํ•˜์—ฌ ์†กํ•˜์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ต๋ถ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์™€ ์„ ํ•˜์ฆ๊ถŒ์†Œ์ง€์ธใ†์ˆ˜์ถœ์ƒ์ด ์ˆ˜์ถœ๋Œ€๊ธˆ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Œ์—๋„ ์ˆ˜์ž…์ƒใ†์ˆ˜ํ•˜์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ์„ ํ•˜์ฆ๊ถŒ์„ ๋ฐฐ์„œใ†๊ต๋ถ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—, ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ์‹ค์งˆ์†ํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์„ ํ•˜์ฆ๊ถŒ์„ ์†Œ์ง€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ž์—๊ฒŒ (๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ์ธ ์„ ํ•˜์ฆ๊ถŒ ์†Œ์ง€์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ์‹ค์งˆ์†ํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์–ด ๊ทธ ์ž์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์นจํ•ดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š”) ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์ฒญ๊ตฌ๊ถŒ์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทœ์ •์ž„.โ‘ข์œ„ ์ดˆ์•ˆ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์ฒญ๊ตฌ์ž๋ฅผ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๋ฉด, ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์„ ํ•˜์ฆ๊ถŒ์„ ์†Œ์ง€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์›๊ณ ๋งŒ์ด ์ผ์‘ ์‹ค์งˆ ์†ํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์—ˆ๊ณ , ์„ ํ•˜์ฆ๊ถŒ์„ ์†Œ์ง€ํ•œ ์œ„ ๊ฐ ์ˆ˜์ž…์ƒ์€ (์›๊ณ ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํด๋ ˆ์ž„ ์ œ๊ธฐ ๊ธˆ์•ก์„ ์ˆ˜๋ นํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋ฉด) ์‹ค์งˆ์†ํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์€ ๋ฐ” ์—†์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์›๊ณ ๋Š” ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์ฒญ๊ตฌ๊ถŒ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž„. ์ฃผ29) ์›๊ณ ๋Š” ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ์ฐฉ์ด ๋ถˆ๋ฒ•ํ–‰์œ„์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ• ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋‚˜, ์—ฐ์ฐฉ์˜ ํŒ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์ค€์€ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์ƒ์˜ ์•ฝ์ • ์ธ๋„๊ธฐ์ผ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณ„์•ฝ์ƒ์˜ ์„ฑ์‹ค์˜๋ฌด์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•œ ์ ์ • ์ธ๋„๊ธฐ์ผ์„ ์ „์ œ๋กœ ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์—ฐ์ฐฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์ฒญ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์›์น™์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ •์ด ์—†๋Š” ํ•œ ์šด์†ก๊ณ„์•ฝ์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•˜์—ฌ์„œ๋งŒ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฒ•ํ–‰์œ„๋Š” ์„ฑ๋ฆฝ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฃผ30) ํ”ผ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ Merchant๋กœ์„œ ํŠน์ • ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž๋ฅผ ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ ๋ช…์‹œํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ž˜๋ชป์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ์œ„ ์ด๋ฉด์•ฝ๊ด€์˜ ๊ฐ ์กฐํ•ญ์—์„œ Merchant๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์—†์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ์„œ ๋”์šฑ ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง„๋‹ค. ์ฃผ31) Tetley, Marin Cargo Claims, 2005 March ์ถœํŒ์˜ˆ์ •, Chapter 8 Who may claim or sue VII. Suit by the Contract Terms ๋ถ€๋ถ„, http://tetley.law.mcgill.ca/ch8.htm ์ฐธ์กฐ. ์ฃผ32) ์•„์šธ๋Ÿฌ ์„ ํ•˜์ฆ๊ถŒ์€ ์ผ์ข…์˜ ๋ถ€ํ•ฉ๊ณ„์•ฝ(๋ถ€ํ•ฉ๊ณ„์•ฝ)์œผ๋กœ์„œ, ๊ทธ ๊ทœ์ •์ด ์• ๋งคํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ทธ ์ž‘์„ฑ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถˆ์ด์ตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ”, ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์œ„ Merchant ๋ฐ ์œ„ ์ด๋ฉด์•ฝ๊ด€ ์ œโ…ก-3์˜ ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์˜๋ฌด์˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ์„ ๊ทธ ์ž‘์„ฑ์ž์ธ ํ”ผ๊ณ ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถˆ์ด์ตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„ํ•จ์ด ์ƒ๋‹นํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ฃผ33) ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋‚˜๋ผ M/V Hanjin Yosuํ˜ธ์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์„ ํ•˜์ฆ๊ถŒ ์ด๋ฉด์•ฝ๊ด€์ƒ์˜ Merchant์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์ทจ์ง€์˜ ํŒ๊ฒฐ์„ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ U.S. Court of Appeals, 9th Circuit, All Pacific Trading, Inc. v. M/V Hanjin Yosu, October. 22, 1993, 1994AMC365, 7 F.3d 1427๊ณผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋‚˜๋ผ M/V Hyundai Libertyํ˜ธ์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์„ ํ•˜์ฆ๊ถŒ ์ด๋ฉด์•ฝ๊ด€์ƒ์˜ Merchant์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์ทจ์ง€์˜ ํŒ๊ฒฐ์„ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ U.S. District Court, C.D. California, Kukje Hwaje Insurance Company, Ltd. v. M/V Hyundai Liberty(in rem) ๋“ฑ, 1999AMC2199, 1999 WL 1293507(C.D.Cal.) ์ฐธ์กฐ. ์ฃผ34) ๋™ ์กฐ์•ฝ ์ œ5์กฐ ์ œ2ํ•ญ์€, Delay in delivery occurs when the Goods have not been delivered at the port of discharge provided for in the contract of carriage by sea within the time expressly agreed upon or, in the absence of such agreement, within the time which would be reasonable to require of a diligent carrier, having regard to the circumstances of the case(์ธ๋„์ง€์—ฐ์ด๋ž€, ๋ฌผํ’ˆ์ด ํ•ด์ƒ์šด์†ก๊ณ„์•ฝ์—์„œ ์ •ํ•ด์ง„ ์–‘๋ฅ™ํ•ญ์—์„œ, ๋ช…์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์˜๋œ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด์—, ๋˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ•ฉ์˜๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ๋‹นํ•ด ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ฑ์‹คํ•œ ์šด์†ก์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด์—, ์ธ๋„๋˜์ง€ ์•„๋‹ˆํ•œ ๋•Œ์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค)๊ณ  ์ •์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ. ์ฃผ35) ์œ„ ์ด๋ฉด์•ฝ๊ด€ ์ œโ…ก-3 3), 4)์€ ๋™ ์กฐ์•ฝ ์ œ16์กฐ ์ œ1ํ•ญ, ์ œ2ํ•ญ๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ž„. ์ฃผ36) ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์šด์†ก์ด ์—ฐ์ฐฉ์šด์†ก์— ํ•ด๋‹น๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์œ„ ์ด๋ฉด์•ฝ๊ด€ ์ œโ…ก-3 3)์˜ ๋‹จ์„œ์—์„œ ์†กํ•˜์ธ์ด ์ ์‹œ ์ธ๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ์‹ ๊ณ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ์šด์†ก์ธ์ด ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณธ ์šด์†ก์ฆ๊ถŒ์— ๋ช…๊ธฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ํ•œ ์šด์†ก์ธ์€ ์ธ๋„์ง€์—ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋œ ์†ํ•ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฉด์ฑ…๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์•ฝ๊ด€์„ ๋‘๊ณ ์žˆ์–ด ์œ„ ์—ฐ์ฐฉ๋ฉด์ฑ…์•ฝ๊ด€์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฉด์ฑ…๋˜๋Š”์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋  ์†Œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์—ฐ์ฐฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž…๋ฒ•์  ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•„๋‹ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋“ค(Hague-Visby Rules ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ์ฐฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ๋Š” ์นจ๋ฌตํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ)์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•ด์ƒ์šด์†ก์˜ ํŠน์ˆ˜์„ฑ์— ๋น„์ถ”์–ด ์œ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฉด์ฑ…์•ฝ๊ด€์˜ ํšจ๋ ฅ์„ ์‚ฌ์ ์ž์น˜๋กœ์„œ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฒ• ์ œ788์กฐ์—์„œ ์—ฐ์ฐฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ƒ๋ฒ•์ „ ์†์œผ๋กœ ํŽธ์ž…์‹œ์ผœ ์šด์†ก์ธ์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋ถ€๊ณผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ƒ๋ฒ• ์ œ790์กฐ ์ œ1ํ•ญ ์ „๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ œ787์กฐ ๋‚ด์ง€ ์ œ789์กฐ์˜ 3์˜ ๊ทœ์ •์— ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์šด์†ก์ธ์˜ ์˜๋ฌด ๋˜๋Š” ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๊ฒฝ๊ฐ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฉด์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž๊ฐ„์˜ ํŠน์•ฝ์€ ํšจ๋ ฅ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์œ„ ์—ฐ์ฐฉ ๋ฉด์ฑ…์•ฝ๊ด€์€ ์ผ์‘ ๋ฌดํšจ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณด์•„์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฃผ37) ์œ ํ†ต(negotiation), ์ด์ „(transfer) ๋ฐ ์–‘๋„(assignment) ๋“ฑ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฒ•์ƒ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…๊ตฌ๋ณ„๊ณผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋‚˜๋ผ ๋ง๋กœ์˜ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ์‹œ ์ ์ •ํ•œ ์šฉ์–ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ•์„๋ฏผ, ์„ ํ•˜์ฆ๊ถŒ๋ก , ๋„์„œ์ถœํŒ ๋‘๋‚จ(2000) p. 297 ์ดํ•˜ ์ฐธ์กฐ. ์ฃผ38) ๊ณ ๋†๋„์˜ ํฌ๋„๋‹น์•ก(15-20%)์„ ํ†ต์ฆ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ์ฃผ์š” ๊ด€์ ˆ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์ธ๋Œ€๋ถ€์ฐฉ๋ถ€์— ์ฃผ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ํ˜น์€ ์•ฝํ•ด์ง„ ์ธ๋Œ€๋‚˜ ํž˜์ค„ ๋ถ€์œ„์— ์ง์ ‘ ์กฐ์ง์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฆ์‹์•ก์„ ์ฃผ์‚ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธ๋Œ€๋‚˜ ํž˜์ค„ ์ž์ฒด์˜ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ†ต์ฆ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ณ‘๋ณ€์˜ ์›์ธ์„ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ์จ, ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋งŒ์„ฑํ†ต์ฆ์— ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ39) ์›๊ณ ์™€ ํ”ผ๊ณ  ํšŒ์‚ฌ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ž‘์„ฑ๋œ ์™ธ๊ตญํ™˜๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์•ฝ์ •์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ‘ ์ œ2ํ˜ธ์ฆ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋Š” 1997. 5. ๊ฐœ์ •ํŒ์˜ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž„. ํ•œํŽธ, ์›๊ณ ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ 2000. 8 ๊ฐœ์ •ํŒ์˜ ์™ธ๊ตญํ™˜๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์•ฝ์ •์„œ(๊ฐ‘ ์ œ18ํ˜ธ์ฆ) ์–‘์‹์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ. ์ฃผ40) Opinions of the ICC Banking Commission 1997, More Queries and Responses on UCP 500 1997, Sub-Article 10(b)(ii) and (c) p. 19 ์ฐธ์กฐ. ์ฃผ41) ์‹ ์šฉ์žฅ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ์ถฉ์กฑ๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๊ฐœ์„ค์€ํ–‰์ด ์‹ ์šฉ์žฅ๋Œ€๊ธˆ์„ ์ง€๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ™˜์–ด์Œ ๋“ฑ์„ ๋งค์ž…ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‹ ์šฉ ์ฃผ42) ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์‹ ์šฉ์žฅ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ์ถฉ์กฑ๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ฐœ์„ค์€ํ–‰์€ ์‹ ์šฉ์žฅ ๋Œ€๊ธˆ์„ ์ง€๊ธ‰ํ•  ์‹ ์šฉ์„ ๋ถ€๋‹ดํ•˜์ง€ ์•„๋‹ˆํ•˜๊ณ , ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ฐœ์„ค์€ํ–‰์ด ๊ทธ ์‹ ์šฉ์„ ์ €๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ๋งค์ž…์€ํ–‰์ด ๋ถ€๋‹ดํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•  ์œ„ํ—˜, ์ฆ‰ ๊ฐœ์„ค์€ํ–‰์˜ ์‹ ์šฉ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋งค์ž…์€ํ–‰์ด ๊ทธ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ๋ถ€๋‹ดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณธ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ43) ๋ฏธํ•ฉ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ฏธํ•ฉ์ค‘๊ตญ ํ†ต์ผ์ƒ๋ฒ•์ „ ๋˜๋Š” ์ด์— ์ƒ์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ๋ฒ•์ด ์ ์šฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š”, ์‹ ์šฉ์žฅ๋ถ€ ํ™˜์–ด์Œ์˜ ๋งค์ž…์€ํ–‰์ด ๋งค์ž…์˜๋ขฐ์ธ์ด์ž ํ™˜์–ด์Œ์˜ ๋ฐœํ–‰์ธ์„ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ•œ ์†Œ๊ตฌ๊ถŒ ํ–‰์‚ฌ์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๊ด€๋ จ ์ค€๊ฑฐ๋ฒ•(ํ•ด๋‹น ํ™˜์–ด์Œ์˜ ๋งค์ž…๊ณ„์•ฝ์ด ์ฒด๊ฒฐ๋œ ๊ณณ์˜ ์œ ๊ฐ€์ฆ๊ถŒ๋ฒ•)์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ค€๊ฑฐ๋ฒ•์ƒ์˜ ์†Œ๊ตฌ๊ถŒ๋ณด์ „์ ˆ์ฐจ ๋ฐ ์‹œํšจ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ๊ทธ ์ฒญ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ธ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค(United States Court of Appeals First Circuit, Bank of Nova Scotia v. San Miguel(1952. 5. 14., 196 F.2d 950 ์ฐธ์กฐ). ์ฃผ44) ๊ฐ™์€ ์ทจ์ง€์˜ ํŒ๊ฒฐ๋กœ๋Š”, Appellate Court of Illinois, First District, Fifth Division, First Arlington National Bank v. Gus Stathis (115 Ill. App. 3d 403, 450 N. E. 2d 833, 71 Ill. Dec. 145)๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ. ์ฃผ45) ํ•œํŽธ, United States District Court, District of Columbia, Phillips College, Inc. v. Richard W. Riley (1994. 2. 15. 844 F. Supp. 808) ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์€, ์‹ ์šฉ์žฅ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ต์ž๊ฐ€ ์–‘๋„ ๋ฐ ์ œ์‹œ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ฏธํ•ฉ์ค‘๊ตญ ํ†ต์ผ์ƒ๋ฒ•์ „์ƒ์˜ ๋‹ด๋ณด, ์ฆ‰ ์‹ ์šฉ์žฅ์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ํ•ฉ์น˜๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์œ„๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค.๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ˆ˜์ต์ž(ํ”ผ๊ณ )์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ค์˜๋ขฐ์ธ(์›๊ณ )์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ด๋ณด์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋ถ€์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฃผ46) ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ™”ํ™˜์–ด์Œ ์ด์™ธ์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์–ด์Œ ํ• ์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ™˜๋งค์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€์Šต์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ, ํŒ๋ก€์˜ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์–ด์Œํ• ์ธ์€ ์†Œ๋น„๋Œ€์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์–ด์Œ์˜ ๋งค๋งค์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ํ™˜๋งค๋ฅผ ์ฒญ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œํŽธ, ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ธ ๊ด€์Šต์œผ๋กœ์„œ ํ™˜๋งค์˜ ํŠน์•ฝ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(ํ•œํŽธ, ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ตœ๊ณ ์žฌํŒ์†Œ ์†Œํ™” 40. 11. 2. ๋ฏผ์ง‘ 19๊ถŒ 8ํ˜ธ, 1927๋ฉด์ด ํ• ์ธ์˜๋ขฐ์ž์˜ ์‹ ์šฉ์ด ์•…ํ™”๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ํ•ด๋‹น ์–ด์Œ์˜ ํ™˜๋งค์ฒญ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ , ํ• ์ธ์˜๋ขฐ์ž๋Š” ์ด์— ์‘ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์•ˆ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ด€์Šต์„ ์€ํ–‰๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์—์„œ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜์˜€์Œ). ์œ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด [๊ด€ํ–‰]์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ๋ช…ํ™•์„ฑ์„ ํ ๊ฒฐํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋ถ„์Ÿ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ”ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ผ๋ณธ ์ „๊ตญ์€ํ–‰์—ฐํ•ฉํšŒ๋Š” ์†Œํ™” 37๋…„(1962) 8์›”์— [์€ํ–‰์ทจ์ธ์•ฝ์ •์„œ ใฒใชํ˜•]์„ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ, ๊ทธ ์ œ6์กฐ(ํ• ์ธ์–ด์Œ์˜ ํ™˜๋งค)์— ํ™˜๋งค์ฒญ๊ตฌ๊ถŒ์„ ๋ช…๊ธฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์œ„ [์€ํ–‰์ทจ์ธ์•ฝ์ •์„œ ใฒใชํ˜•]์˜ 1977. 4. 19.์ž ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ฐœ์ •ํŒ์€ ์ด์ค€์ƒ, ์—ฌ์‹ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๊ธฐ๋ณธ์•ฝ๊ด€ํ•ด์„ค, ์œก๋ฒ•์‚ฌ(1990) p. 646์— ๊ฒŒ์žฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Œ. ์ฃผ47) ์œ„ '์ผ๋ณธ ๋ชจํ˜•'์˜ ์ œ์ •์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ์ž๋Š”, ์ผ๋ณธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์‹ ์šฉ์žฅ๋ถ€ ์–ด์Œ์˜ ๋งค์ž…๋„ [๊ตญ๋‚ด๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์—์„œ์˜ ์ƒ์—…์–ด์Œํ• ์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ์™€ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ, ์˜๋ขฐ์ธ์ธ ์‹ ์šฉ์žฅ ์ˆ˜์ต์ž์˜ ์–ด์Œํ™˜๋งค๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์— ์ „๋ฉด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋™์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฌ์‹ ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธˆ์œต๊ณ„์˜ ๊ด€ํ–‰์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(๋ฐ˜์ „์Šน์ธ [์ˆ˜์ถœํ™”ํ™˜์‹ ์šฉ์žฅ์— ๊ธฐํ•œ ์–ด์Œ์˜ ๋งค์ž…๊ณผ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ตญ์˜ ์€ํ–‰๊ด€์Šต] ๊ธˆ์œต๋ฒ•๋ฌด์‚ฌ์ • 1192ํ˜ธ 4๋ฉด ์ดํ•˜ ์ฐธ์กฐ). ์ฃผ48) Souichirou Kozuka, [Uniform Rules versus Freedom of Contract๏ผšJapanese Practice in letters of Credit Transactions], Singapore Journal of International and Comparative Law 2000. 4. p. 148 ์ดํ•˜๋Š”, ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์œ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ด€ํ–‰์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ด๋ฅผ Japanese practice๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ช…๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ49) ์œ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ทจ์ง€๋ฅผ ํŒ์‹œํ•œ ํŒ๊ฒฐ๋กœ๋Š” ๋™๊ฒฝ์ง€์žฌ, ํ‰์„ฑ 2. 11. 19. ํŒ๊ฒฐ, ๊ธˆ์œต๋ฒ•๋ฌด์‚ฌ์ • 1272ํ˜ธ p. 37 ์ดํ•˜ ์ฐธ์กฐ. ์ฃผ50) [ํŠน์ง‘๏ผ์ˆ˜์ถœ์ทจ์ธ์•ฝ์ •์„œ ใฒใชํ˜•์˜ ์ œ์ •๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์‹ค๋ฌด, โ…  ใฒใชํ˜• ์ œ์ •์˜ ๊ฒฝ์œ„์™€ ์ทจ์ง€, โ…ก ใฒใชํ˜•์˜ ์ œ์ •๊ณผ ์™ธํ™˜์‹ค๋ฌด์—์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ, โ…ข ใฒใชํ˜•์˜ ์ถ•์กฐํ•ด์„ค], ๊ธˆ์œต๋ฒ•๋ฌด์‚ฌ์ • 1024ํ˜ธ ๋ฐ ์†Œ์ด์žฅ์ผ๋ž‘, [์€ํ–‰๊ฐ„ ์‹ ์šฉ์žฅ๋ถ€ ํ™”ํ™˜์–ด์Œ ํ™˜๋งค์˜ ๊ด€ํ–‰], ใ‚ธใƒฅใƒชใ‚นใƒˆ, 1021ํ˜ธ(1993. 4.) p. 141 ์ดํ•˜ ์ฐธ์กฐ. ์ฃผ51) ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ๋Š”, ์ผ๋ณธ๊ตญ์˜ ํŠน์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๊ด€ํ–‰์œผ๋กœ์„œ, ๋งค์ž…์€ ๋งค์ž…์˜๋ขฐ์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฌ์‹ ์ด์–ด์„œ ๊ทธ ์ฑ„๊ถŒ๋ณด์ „์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๊ฐœ์„ค์€ํ–‰์˜ ์ง€๊ธ‰๊ฑฐ์ ˆ์˜ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์‹ ์šฉ์žฅํ†ต์ผ๊ทœ์น™์— ๋น„์ถ”์–ด ๋ถ€๋‹นํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ด์–ด๋„, ๋งค์ž…์˜๋ขฐ์ธ๊ณผ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์•ฝ์ •์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ง€๊ธ‰๊ฑฐ์ ˆ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์œ ๋งŒ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋ฉด, ๋งค์ž…์€ํ–‰์€ ๋งค์ž…์˜๋ขฐ์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™˜๋งค์ฒญ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ฐœ์„ค์€ํ–‰์€ ๋ณด์ƒ์ฑ„๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋ฉดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ํ•ด์™ธ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ค์€ํ–‰์€, ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋– ํ•˜๋“ , ์ง€๊ธ‰์„ ๊ฑฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋ฉด, ์ผ๋ณธ๊ตญ์˜ ์€ํ–‰์€ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋Š” ์ž…์žฅ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ธ์‹์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋ ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค.๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ, ์œ„ ๋ฏธํ•ฉ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ด€ํ–‰์ด ๋” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์งํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ ํ•™์ž ๋ฐ ์€ํ–‰์‹ค๋ฌด๊ฐ€(๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์žฅ๊ตฌ๋ณด์œต์˜, [์‹ ์šฉ์žฅ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์—์„œ์˜ ํŠน์•ฝ์— ๊ธฐํ•œ ๋งค์ž…์€ํ–‰์˜ ์ƒํ™˜์ฒญ๊ตฌ], ์ˆ˜ํ˜•์—ฐ๊ตฌ 451ํ˜ธ p. 18 ์ดํ•˜ ์ฐธ์กฐ)๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ52) ์œ„ ์„œ์‹์€ ์ด์ค€์ƒ, ์•ž์˜ ์ฑ… P. 638์— ๊ฒŒ์žฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Œ. ์ฃผ53) ๋‹ค๋งŒ, ํ™•์ธ์€ํ–‰(confirming bank)์ด ๋งค์ž…์€ํ–‰์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ™˜์–ด์Œ์˜ ์ง€๊ธ‰์ œ์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„ (์‹ ์šฉ์žฅ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ์ถฉ์กฑ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜์—ฌ) ์ด๋ฅผ ๋งค์ž… ๋˜๋Š” ์ง€๊ธ‰ํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ ๊ฐœ์„ค์€ํ–‰์— ๋ณด์ƒ์ฒญ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ฐœ์„ค์€ํ–‰์ด ์„œ๋ฅ˜๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜ ๋“ฑ์„ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€๊ธ‰์„ ๊ฑฐ์ ˆํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋งค์ž…์€ํ–‰์ด ํ™•์ธ์€ํ–‰์— ์ง€๊ธ‰๋ฐ›์€ ์–ด์Œ๋Œ€๊ธˆ์„ ๋ฐ˜ํ™˜ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์žฌ๋งค์ž…ํ•œ ํ›„, ๋งค์ž…์˜๋ขฐ์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ํ™˜๋งค์ฒญ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š”, ์ผ๋‹จ ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๊ณผ ๋ฌด๊ด€ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ, ๊ฐœ์ •๋œ ์‹ ์šฉ์žฅํ†ต์ผ๊ทœ์น™๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ์˜ ๊ทธ ๊ฐ€๋ถ€๋Š” ์œ„ ํŒ๋‹จ์—์„œ ์ œ์™ธ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ54) ์œ„ ์ œ1์˜ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜ ์‚ฌ์œ ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ, ์œ„ ์‹ ์šฉ์žฅ ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์œ„ ์„ ํ•˜์ฆ๊ถŒ์€ ์ˆ˜ํ•˜์ธ์„ To the order of ์›๊ณ ๋กœ ๋ฐœํ–‰๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด์— ์›๊ณ ๊ฐ€ delivery to the order of ๋งค์ž…์€ํ–‰์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ˜•์‹์˜ ์ง€์‹œ์‹ ๋ฐฐ์„œ๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ ๊ฐœ์„ค์€ํ–‰์— ์†ก๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜€์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์ด๋Š” ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜ ์‚ฌ์œ ๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ , ์ œ2์˜ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜ ์‚ฌ์œ ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ด๋Š” ๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•œ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜ ์‚ฌ์œ ์— ํ•ด๋‹น๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ œ3์˜ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜ ์‚ฌ์œ ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ, ์„ ํ•˜์ฆ๊ถŒ ์„œ๋‘์— J. H. K. Transportation System, Inc. ๋ฐ ๊ทธ ๋ฌธ์–‘์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์œ„ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์ƒ์šด์†ก์ธ์ด๋ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ, ํ•ด์ƒ์šด์†ก์ธ์ด ์ง์ ‘ ์„œ๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ํ•ด์ƒ์šด์†ก์ธ์˜ ์ž๊ฒฉ ํ‘œ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์„ ์žฅ ๋˜๋Š” ์œ„ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ง์›์ด ์„œ๋ช…ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‚˜, ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์„œ๋ช…๋ž€์— ์šด์†ก์ธ ๋˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„œ๋ช…ํ•œ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์ƒ ๊ทธ ์„œ๋ช…์ž๊ฐ€ ์šด์†ก์ธ์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„œ๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ๋˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„œ๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐํžˆ๋Š” ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ํ•œํŽธ ํ”ผ๊ณ ๋“ค์˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด, ์œ„ ์„ ํ•˜์ฆ๊ถŒ์€ ์œ„ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์šด์†ก์ฃผ์„ ์ธ์ธ ์†Œ์™ธ Speed Logitech Co., Ltd์˜ ์ง์›์ด ์„œ๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋ฐ”, ์‚ฌ์ •์ด ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด ์„œ๋ช…์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ„ ์„ ํ•˜์ฆ๊ถŒ์„ ๋ฐœํ–‰ํ•œ ์œ„ ์šด์†ก์ฃผ์„ ์ธ์€ ์‹ ์šฉ์žฅํ†ต์ผ๊ทœ์น™ ์ œ30์กฐ์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ๊ทธ ์ž๊ฒฉ(์šด์†ก์ธ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์ธ์ง€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๊ทธ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์ธ์ง€)์„ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์ด๋„ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ •๋‹นํ•œ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜ ์‚ฌ์œ ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฃผ55) ๋ฐ˜์ „์Šน์ธ, [ํ™”ํ™˜์‹ ์šฉ์žฅ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์—์„œ์˜ ๋งค์ž…์˜๋ขฐ์ธ์˜ ํ•˜์ž๋‹ด๋ณด์ฑ…์ž„(Warranty)] ๊ธˆ์œต๋ฒ•๋ฌด์‚ฌ์ •, ์ œ1222ํ˜ธ(1989. 6.) p. 6 ์ดํ•˜ ์ฐธ์กฐ. ์ฃผ56) ์•ž์„œ ๋ณธ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ผ๋ณธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์‹ ์šฉ์žฅ๋ถ€ ํ™˜์–ด์Œ์˜ ๋งค์ž…์„ ๋งค์ž…์˜๋ขฐ์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์ด ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งค์ž…์€ํ–‰์ด ๋ถ€๋‹ดํ•˜๋Š” ์œ„ํ—˜์€, ์ „์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™˜๋งค์˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๋‹ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋งค์ž…์˜๋ขฐ์ธ์ด ๊ทธ ์˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ดํ–‰ํ•  ์ •๋„์˜ ์ž๋ ฅ์„ ์ƒ์‹คํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ์œ„ํ—˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ57) ๋™๊ฒฝ์ง€์žฌ, ํ‰์„ฑ 9. 6. 30. ๋ฏผ์‚ฌ์ œ30๋ถ€ ํŒ๊ฒฐ, ๊ธˆ์œต๋ฒ•๋ฌด์‚ฌ์ • ์ œ1512ํ˜ธ(1998. 4.) p. 34 ์ดํ•˜, ๋™๊ฒฝ์ง€์žฌ, ํ‰์„ฑ 10. 3. 25. ๋ฏผ์‚ฌ์ œ43๋ถ€ ํŒ๊ฒฐ, ๊ธˆ์œตใ†์ƒ์‚ฌ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ์ œ1056ํ˜ธ(1999. 1.) p. 35๋ฉด ์ดํ•˜ ์ฐธ์กฐ. ์ฃผ58) ๋ฏธํ•ฉ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์œ„ ํ†ต์ผ์ƒ๋ฒ•์ „ ๊ตฌ ์ œ5-111์กฐ ์ œ1ํ•ญ์— ๊ธฐํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ต์ž์˜ ๋งค๋„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋‹ด๋ณด์ฑ…์ž„์€ ๋งค์ž…์˜๋ขฐ์ธ(์ˆ˜์ต์ž)์ด ๋งค์ž…์€ํ–‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ ์šฉ์žฅ ์กฐ๊ฑด์˜ ์ผ์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋ถ€๋‹ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์›์น™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งค์ž…์€ํ–‰์€ ๋งค์ž…์‹œ ์‹ ์šฉ์žฅ ์กฐ๊ฑด ์ผ์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๋‹ดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์œ„ ์ธ์šฉ๋œ ๋ฏธํ•ฉ์ค‘๊ตญ ํŒ๋ก€๋“ค์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋งค์ž…์€ํ–‰ ๋‹ด๋‹น์ง์›์˜ ์‹ ์šฉ์žฅ ์กฐ๊ฑด ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ์‹œ์˜ ์ž˜๋ชป์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋งค์ž…์˜๋ขฐ์ธ์ธก์˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ ๋ฐ ๊ทธ ํŒ๋‹จ์ด ์ „ํ˜€ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์—์„œ ์—ฟ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ, ๋ฏธํ•ฉ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํŒ๋ก€๋ฒ•์ƒ ์ธ์ •๋˜๋Š” ๊ธˆ๋ฐ˜์–ธ์˜ ์›์น™(estoppel) ๋“ฑ์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งค์ž…์€ํ–‰์˜ ๋งค์ž…๊ณผ์ •(ํŠนํžˆ ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ๊ณผ์ •)์—์„œ์˜ ํ–‰์œ„์— ๊ธฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งค์ž…์˜๋ขฐ์ธ์˜ ๋‹ด๋ณด์ฑ…์ž„์ด ๋ถ€์ •๋  ์—ฌ์ง€๋Š” ์žˆ๋‹ค ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฃผ59) ์œ„ '๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜ ์‹ ๊ณ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ'๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„, โ‘  ์•ž์„œ ๋ณธ ์™ธ๊ตญํ™˜๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์•ฝ์ •์„œ ์ œ11์กฐ ์ œ1ํ•ญ ์ œ4ํ˜ธ์˜ ํ™˜๋งค์ฒญ๊ตฌ์‚ฌ์œ ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋ฌธ๋ฆฌํ•ด์„์ƒ ์ง€๊ธ‰ ๋˜๋Š” ์ธ์ˆ˜๊ฑฐ์ ˆ๋œ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ๋ฌธํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์œ„ ์‚ฌ์œ  ํ•ด๋‹น ์—ฌ๋ถ€์˜ ํŒ๋‹จ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๋งค์ž…์€ํ–‰์ด ์‹ ์šฉ์žฅ ์กฐ๊ฑด์˜ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ„๊ณผํ•˜๊ณ  ๋งค์ˆ˜ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„๋˜๋ฉฐ, โ‘ก ์•„์šธ๋Ÿฌ ๋’ค์—์„œ ๋ณด๋Š” ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ ๋งค๋งค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋งค๋„์ธ์ด ๊ทธ ์œ ํšจใ†์™„์ „์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•˜์ž๋‹ด๋ณด์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋ถ€๋‹ดํ•จ์€ ๋‹น์—ฐํ•œ ๋ฒ•์›์น™์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์‹ ์šฉ์žฅ ์กฐ๊ฑด์˜ ์ผ์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฑ…์ž„์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋งค์ž…์˜๋ขฐ์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฃผ60) ์•ž์„œ ์ธ์šฉํ•œ ๋™๊ฒฝ์ง€์žฌ ํ‰์„ฑ 10. 3. 25. ํŒ๊ฒฐ์€ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ • ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋งค์ž…์€ํ–‰์˜ ๋งค์ž…์˜๋ขฐ์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ™˜๋งค์ฒญ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ ์˜์น™์ƒ ๋ถˆํ—ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฃผ61) โ‘ ์œ ํ†ต๊ฐ€๋Šฅ(negotiable)์ด๋ž€, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ(49 U.S Code, Chap. 801), ์˜๊ตญ(Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992)์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์„ ํ•˜์ฆ๊ถŒ์˜ ์ด์ „(transfer) ๋ฐฉ์‹์ธ ๋ฐฐ์„œ(endorsement)ใ†๊ต๋ถ€(delivery)์™€ ์–‘๋„(assignment) ์ค‘ ๋ฐฐ์„œ(order B/L)ใ†๊ต๋ถ€(bearer B/L)์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ ํ•˜์ฆ๊ถŒ์ด ์ด์ „๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜ํ•˜์ธ๋ž€์ด ๊ธฐ๋ช…์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœํ–‰๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ (1) ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” non- negotiable์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ์ด์ƒ ์œ ํ†ต๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‚˜, (2) ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” nominate B/L๋กœ์„œ (์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋‚˜๋ผ์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ) ๋ฐฐ์„œ๋งŒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์ด์ „์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์œ ํ†ต๋ถˆ๋Šฅ์ด๋‹ค.โ‘ก๋งŒ๊ตญํ•ด๋ฒ•ํšŒ(CMI, Comit Maritime International)๊ฐ€ 2001 ๋งˆ๋ จํ•œ ๊ตญ์ œํ•ด์ƒ๋ฌผํ’ˆ์šด์†ก์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ํ†ต์ผ์กฐ์•ฝ ์ œ์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ตœ์ข…์ดˆ์•ˆ(Final Draft Outline Instrument, CMI Yearbook 2001 ๋ฐ CMI Internet Site์— ๊ฒŒ์žฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Œ) 1(definitions) 14๋Š” (negotiable transport document means a transport document that indicates, by wording such as to order or negotiable or other appropriate wording recognized as having the same effect by the law governing the document, that the goods have been consigned to the order of the shipper, to the order of the consignee, or to bearer, and is not explicitly stated as being non-negotiable or not negotiable(์œ ํ†ต๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์šด์†ก์ฆ๊ถŒ์€, to order, negotiable ๋˜๋Š” ๋ณธ ์ฆ๊ถŒ์— ์ ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์— ๋™์ผํ•œ ํšจ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋ฌผํ’ˆ์ด ์†กํ•˜์ธ์˜ ์ง€์‹œ์ธ, ์ˆ˜ํ•˜์ธ์˜ ์ง€์‹œ์ธ ๋˜๋Š” ์†Œ์ง€์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ์œ„ํƒ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ช…์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ non-negotiable ๋˜๋Š” not negotiable์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์žฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ง€์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ์šด์†ก์ฆ๊ถŒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค)๊ณ  ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ62) ํ•œํŽธ, ์œ„ ๊ฐ ์„ ํ•˜์ฆ๊ถŒ์˜ ์ด๋ฉด์•ฝ๊ด€ ์ œโ…ก-3 3)๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์šด์†ก์ธ์ด ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋ถ€๋‹ดํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ๋Š” ๋ช…์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ์ฃผ63) ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ํŒŒ๊ธฐ์›(Cour de Cassation), June 25, 1985, The Mercandia Transporter โ…ก, DMF(Le Droit Maritime Franais, Paris, France) 1985, 659[Tetley, Marin Cargo Claims, 2005 March ์ถœํŒ์˜ˆ์ •, Chapter 8 Who may claim or sue VI. France - Who may sue ๋ถ€๋ถ„, http://tetley.law.mcgill.ca/ch8.htm์—์„œ ์žฌ์ธ์šฉํ•จ] ์ฐธ์กฐ. ์ฃผ64) ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ ํ•ญ์†Œ์›(Cour d'Appel de Paris), March 24, 1986, DMF 1987, 23 [Tetley, ์•ž์˜ ๊ธ€์—์„œ ์žฌ์ธ์šฉํ•จ] ์ฐธ์กฐ. ์ฃผ65) ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ๋Œ€๋ฒ•์›(The High Court), December 19, 1955, The Ramona, DMF 1996, 389, Bulletin Transportation, 1996, 55 ๋ฐ Cour d'Appel de Paris, July 5, 1996, The CMB Quadrant ๋ฐ The CMB Borigia, DMF 1997, 488 [Tetley, ์•ž์˜ ๊ธ€์—์„œ ์žฌ์ธ์šฉํ•จ] ์ฐธ์กฐ. ์ฃผ66) โ‘ ํ•œํŽธ, ์•ž์˜ ์ตœ์ข…์ดˆ์•ˆ ์ œ13์กฐ(Rights of Suit) ์ œ2ํ•ญ์€ In the event that a negotiable transport document or negotiable electronic record is issued, the holder is entitled to assert rights under the contract of carriage against the carrier or a performing party, without having to prove that it itself has suffered loss or damage. If such holder did not suffer the loss or damage itself, it shall be deemed to act on behalf of the party that suffered such loss or damage(์œ ํ†ต๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์šด์†ก์ฆ๊ถŒ ๋˜๋Š” ์œ ํ†ต๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์ „์ž๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ๋ฐœ๊ธ‰๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๊ทธ ์†Œ์ง€์ธ์€, ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ง์ ‘ ์†ํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์—ˆ์Œ์„ ์ž…์ฆํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„๋„, ์šด์†ก์ธ ๋˜๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ์šด์†ก ๋‹ด๋‹น์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์šด์†ก๊ณ„์•ฝ์— ๊ธฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์•ฝ ํ•ด๋‹น ์†Œ์ง€์ธ์ด ์†ํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋•Œ์—๋Š”, ํ•ด๋‹น ์†Œ์ง€์ธ์€ ํ•ด๋‹น ์†ํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์€ ์ž๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ–‰์œ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋œ๋‹ค)๊ณ , ์ œ3ํ•ญ์€ In the event that a negotiable transport document or negotiable electronic record is issued and the claimant is one of the persons referred to in article 13.1(์ด์ž๋“ค์€ the shipper, the consignee ๋“ฑ์ž„) without being the holder, such claimant must, in addition to its burden of proof that it suffered loss or damage in consequence of a breach of the contract of carriage, prove that the holder did not suffer such loss or damage(์œ ํ†ต๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์šด์†ก์ฆ๊ถŒ ๋˜๋Š” ์œ ํ†ต๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์ „์ž๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ๋ฐœ๊ธ‰๋˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์†Œ์ง€์ธ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์ œ13์กฐ ์ œ1ํ•ญ์˜ ์ž ์ค‘ 1์ธ์ด ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์ฒญ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ํ•ด๋‹น ์ฒญ๊ตฌ์ž๋Š” ์šด์†ก๊ณ„์•ฝ์œ„๋ฐ˜์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ์„œ ์†ํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ž…์ฆ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋ถ€๋‹ดํ•˜๋Š” ์™ธ์—, ํ•ด๋‹น ์†Œ์ง€์ธ์ด ์†ํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค)๊ณ  ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ.โ‘ก์œ„ ์ดˆ์•ˆ์˜ ๊ทœ์ •์€, ์„ ํ•˜์ฆ๊ถŒ ์†Œ์ง€์ธใ†์ˆ˜์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ถœ์ƒใ†์†กํ•˜์ธ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹ค์งˆ์†ํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์ƒ๋ฐ›์•˜์Œ์—๋„ ์„ ํ•˜์ฆ๊ถŒ์„ ๋ฐฐ์„œํ•˜์—ฌ ์†กํ•˜์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ต๋ถ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์™€ ์„ ํ•˜์ฆ๊ถŒ์†Œ์ง€์ธใ†์ˆ˜์ถœ์ƒ์ด ์ˆ˜์ถœ๋Œ€๊ธˆ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Œ์—๋„ ์ˆ˜์ž…์ƒใ†์ˆ˜ํ•˜์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ์„ ํ•˜์ฆ๊ถŒ์„ ๋ฐฐ์„œใ†๊ต๋ถ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—, ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ์‹ค์งˆ์†ํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์„ ํ•˜์ฆ๊ถŒ์„ ์†Œ์ง€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ž์—๊ฒŒ (๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ์ธ ์„ ํ•˜์ฆ๊ถŒ ์†Œ์ง€์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ์‹ค์งˆ์†ํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์–ด ๊ทธ ์ž์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์นจํ•ดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š”) ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์ฒญ๊ตฌ๊ถŒ์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทœ์ •์ž„.โ‘ข์œ„ ์ดˆ์•ˆ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์ฒญ๊ตฌ์ž๋ฅผ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๋ฉด, ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์„ ํ•˜์ฆ๊ถŒ์„ ์†Œ์ง€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์›๊ณ ๋งŒ์ด ์ผ์‘ ์‹ค์งˆ ์†ํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์—ˆ๊ณ , ์„ ํ•˜์ฆ๊ถŒ์„ ์†Œ์ง€ํ•œ ์œ„ ๊ฐ ์ˆ˜์ž…์ƒ์€ (์›๊ณ ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํด๋ ˆ์ž„ ์ œ๊ธฐ ๊ธˆ์•ก์„ ์ˆ˜๋ นํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋ฉด) ์‹ค์งˆ์†ํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์€ ๋ฐ” ์—†์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์›๊ณ ๋Š” ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์ฒญ๊ตฌ๊ถŒ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž„. ์ฃผ67) ์›๊ณ ๋Š” ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ์ฐฉ์ด ๋ถˆ๋ฒ•ํ–‰์œ„์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ• ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋‚˜, ์—ฐ์ฐฉ์˜ ํŒ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์ค€์€ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์ƒ์˜ ์•ฝ์ • ์ธ๋„๊ธฐ์ผ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณ„์•ฝ์ƒ์˜ ์„ฑ์‹ค์˜๋ฌด์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•œ ์ ์ • ์ธ๋„๊ธฐ์ผ์„ ์ „์ œ๋กœ ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์—ฐ์ฐฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์ฒญ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์›์น™์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ •์ด ์—†๋Š” ํ•œ ์šด์†ก๊ณ„์•ฝ์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•˜์—ฌ์„œ๋งŒ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฒ•ํ–‰์œ„๋Š” ์„ฑ๋ฆฝ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฃผ68) ํ”ผ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ Merchant๋กœ์„œ ํŠน์ • ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž๋ฅผ ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ ๋ช…์‹œํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ž˜๋ชป์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ์œ„ ์ด๋ฉด์•ฝ๊ด€์˜ ๊ฐ ์กฐํ•ญ์—์„œ Merchant๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์—†์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ์„œ ๋”์šฑ ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง„๋‹ค. ์ฃผ69) Tetley, Marin Cargo Claims, 2005 March ์ถœํŒ์˜ˆ์ •, Chapter 8 Who may claim or sue VII. Suit by the Contract Terms ๋ถ€๋ถ„, http://tetley.law.mcgill.ca/ch8.htm ์ฐธ์กฐ. ์ฃผ70) ์•„์šธ๋Ÿฌ ์„ ํ•˜์ฆ๊ถŒ์€ ์ผ์ข…์˜ ๋ถ€ํ•ฉ๊ณ„์•ฝ(๋ถ€ํ•ฉ๊ณ„์•ฝ)์œผ๋กœ์„œ, ๊ทธ ๊ทœ์ •์ด ์• ๋งคํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ทธ ์ž‘์„ฑ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถˆ์ด์ตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ”, ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์œ„ Merchant ๋ฐ ์œ„ ์ด๋ฉด์•ฝ๊ด€ ์ œโ…ก-3์˜ ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์˜๋ฌด์˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ์„ ๊ทธ ์ž‘์„ฑ์ž์ธ ํ”ผ๊ณ ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถˆ์ด์ตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„ํ•จ์ด ์ƒ๋‹นํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ฃผ71) ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋‚˜๋ผ M/V Hanjin Yosuํ˜ธ์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์„ ํ•˜์ฆ๊ถŒ ์ด๋ฉด์•ฝ๊ด€์ƒ์˜ Merchant์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์ทจ์ง€์˜ ํŒ๊ฒฐ์„ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ U.S. Court of Appeals, 9th Circuit, All Pacific Trading, Inc. v. M/V Hanjin Yosu, October. 22, 1993, 1994AMC365, 7 F.3d 1427๊ณผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋‚˜๋ผ M/V Hyundai Libertyํ˜ธ์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์„ ํ•˜์ฆ๊ถŒ ์ด๋ฉด์•ฝ๊ด€์ƒ์˜ Merchant์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์ทจ์ง€์˜ ํŒ๊ฒฐ์„ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ U.S. District Court, C.D. California, Kukje Hwaje Insurance Company, Ltd. v. M/V Hyundai Liberty(in rem) ๋“ฑ, 1999AMC2199, 1999 WL 1293507(C.D.Cal.) ์ฐธ์กฐ. ์ฃผ72) ๋™ ์กฐ์•ฝ ์ œ5์กฐ ์ œ2ํ•ญ์€, Delay in delivery occurs when the Goods have not been delivered at the port of discharge provided for in the contract of carriage by sea within the time expressly agreed upon or, in the absence of such agreement, within the time which would be reasonable to require of a diligent carrier, having regard to the circumstances of the case(์ธ๋„์ง€์—ฐ์ด๋ž€, ๋ฌผํ’ˆ์ด ํ•ด์ƒ์šด์†ก๊ณ„์•ฝ์—์„œ ์ •ํ•ด์ง„ ์–‘๋ฅ™ํ•ญ์—์„œ, ๋ช…์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์˜๋œ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด์—, ๋˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ•ฉ์˜๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ๋‹นํ•ด ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ฑ์‹คํ•œ ์šด์†ก์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด์—, ์ธ๋„๋˜์ง€ ์•„๋‹ˆํ•œ ๋•Œ์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค)๊ณ  ์ •์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ. ์ฃผ73) ์œ„ ์ด๋ฉด์•ฝ๊ด€ ์ œโ…ก-3 3), 4)์€ ๋™ ์กฐ์•ฝ ์ œ16์กฐ ์ œ1ํ•ญ, ์ œ2ํ•ญ๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ž„. ์ฃผ74) ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์šด์†ก์ด ์—ฐ์ฐฉ์šด์†ก์— ํ•ด๋‹น๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์œ„ ์ด๋ฉด์•ฝ๊ด€ ์ œโ…ก-3 3)์˜ ๋‹จ์„œ์—์„œ ์†กํ•˜์ธ์ด ์ ์‹œ ์ธ๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ์‹ ๊ณ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ์šด์†ก์ธ์ด ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณธ ์šด์†ก์ฆ๊ถŒ์— ๋ช…๊ธฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ํ•œ ์šด์†ก์ธ์€ ์ธ๋„์ง€์—ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋œ ์†ํ•ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฉด์ฑ…๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์•ฝ๊ด€์„ ๋‘๊ณ ์žˆ์–ด ์œ„ ์—ฐ์ฐฉ๋ฉด์ฑ…์•ฝ๊ด€์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฉด์ฑ…๋˜๋Š”์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋  ์†Œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์—ฐ์ฐฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž…๋ฒ•์  ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•„๋‹ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋“ค(Hague-Visby Rules ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ์ฐฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ๋Š” ์นจ๋ฌตํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ)์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•ด์ƒ์šด์†ก์˜ ํŠน์ˆ˜์„ฑ์— ๋น„์ถ”์–ด ์œ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฉด์ฑ…์•ฝ๊ด€์˜ ํšจ๋ ฅ์„ ์‚ฌ์ ์ž์น˜๋กœ์„œ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฒ• ์ œ788์กฐ์—์„œ ์—ฐ์ฐฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ƒ๋ฒ•์ „ ์†์œผ๋กœ ํŽธ์ž…์‹œ์ผœ ์šด์†ก์ธ์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋ถ€๊ณผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ƒ๋ฒ• ์ œ790์กฐ ์ œ1ํ•ญ ์ „๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ œ787์กฐ ๋‚ด์ง€ ์ œ789์กฐ์˜ 3์˜ ๊ทœ์ •์— ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์šด์†ก์ธ์˜ ์˜๋ฌด ๋˜๋Š” ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๊ฒฝ๊ฐ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฉด์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž๊ฐ„์˜ ํŠน์•ฝ์€ ํšจ๋ ฅ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์œ„ ์—ฐ์ฐฉ ๋ฉด์ฑ…์•ฝ๊ด€์€ ์ผ์‘ ๋ฌดํšจ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณด์•„์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฃผ75) ์œ ํ†ต(negotiation), ์ด์ „(transfer) ๋ฐ ์–‘๋„(assignment) ๋“ฑ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฒ•์ƒ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…๊ตฌ๋ณ„๊ณผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋‚˜๋ผ ๋ง๋กœ์˜ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ์‹œ ์ ์ •ํ•œ ์šฉ์–ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ•์„๋ฏผ, ์„ ํ•˜์ฆ๊ถŒ๋ก , ๋„์„œ์ถœํŒ ๋‘๋‚จ(2000) p. 297 ์ดํ•˜ ์ฐธ์กฐ. ์ฃผ76) ๊ณ ๋†๋„์˜ ํฌ๋„๋‹น์•ก(15-20%)์„ ํ†ต์ฆ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ์ฃผ์š” ๊ด€์ ˆ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์ธ๋Œ€๋ถ€์ฐฉ๋ถ€์— ์ฃผ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ํ˜น์€ ์•ฝํ•ด์ง„ ์ธ๋Œ€๋‚˜ ํž˜์ค„ ๋ถ€์œ„์— ์ง์ ‘ ์กฐ์ง์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฆ์‹์•ก์„ ์ฃผ์‚ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธ๋Œ€๋‚˜ ํž˜์ค„ ์ž์ฒด์˜ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ†ต์ฆ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ณ‘๋ณ€์˜ ์›์ธ์„ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ์จ, ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋งŒ์„ฑํ†ต์ฆ์— ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ77) ์†Œ์ˆ˜์˜ ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ œ2์ƒ ์‹œํ—˜ ์ดํ›„, ๋งŽ์€ ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ํšจ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ์„œ, ์ œ3์ƒ ์‹œํ—˜์„ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋ฉด ์•ฝํ’ˆ์˜ ์ œ์กฐ, ํŒ๋งค๊ฐ€ ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€๋œ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ78) ์›๊ณ ์™€ ํ”ผ๊ณ  ํšŒ์‚ฌ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ž‘์„ฑ๋œ ์™ธ๊ตญํ™˜๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์•ฝ์ •์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ‘ ์ œ2ํ˜ธ์ฆ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋Š” 1997. 5. ๊ฐœ์ •ํŒ์˜ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž„. ํ•œํŽธ, ์›๊ณ ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ 2000. 8 ๊ฐœ์ •ํŒ์˜ ์™ธ๊ตญํ™˜๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์•ฝ์ •์„œ(๊ฐ‘ ์ œ18ํ˜ธ์ฆ) ์–‘์‹์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ. ์ฃผ79) Opinions of the ICC Banking Commission 1997, More Queries and Responses on UCP 500 1997, Sub-Article 10(b)(ii) and (c) p. 19 ์ฐธ์กฐ. ์ฃผ80) ์‹ ์šฉ์žฅ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ์ถฉ์กฑ๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๊ฐœ์„ค์€ํ–‰์ด ์‹ ์šฉ์žฅ๋Œ€๊ธˆ์„ ์ง€๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ™˜์–ด์Œ ๋“ฑ์„ ๋งค์ž…ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‹ ์šฉ ์ฃผ81) ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์‹ ์šฉ์žฅ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ์ถฉ์กฑ๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ฐœ์„ค์€ํ–‰์€ ์‹ ์šฉ์žฅ ๋Œ€๊ธˆ์„ ์ง€๊ธ‰ํ•  ์‹ ์šฉ์„ ๋ถ€๋‹ดํ•˜์ง€ ์•„๋‹ˆํ•˜๊ณ , ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ฐœ์„ค์€ํ–‰์ด ๊ทธ ์‹ ์šฉ์„ ์ €๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ๋งค์ž…์€ํ–‰์ด ๋ถ€๋‹ดํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•  ์œ„ํ—˜, ์ฆ‰ ๊ฐœ์„ค์€ํ–‰์˜ ์‹ ์šฉ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋งค์ž…์€ํ–‰์ด ๊ทธ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ๋ถ€๋‹ดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณธ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ82) ๋ฏธํ•ฉ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ฏธํ•ฉ์ค‘๊ตญ ํ†ต์ผ์ƒ๋ฒ•์ „ ๋˜๋Š” ์ด์— ์ƒ์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ๋ฒ•์ด ์ ์šฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š”, ์‹ ์šฉ์žฅ๋ถ€ ํ™˜์–ด์Œ์˜ ๋งค์ž…์€ํ–‰์ด ๋งค์ž…์˜๋ขฐ์ธ์ด์ž ํ™˜์–ด์Œ์˜ ๋ฐœํ–‰์ธ์„ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ•œ ์†Œ๊ตฌ๊ถŒ ํ–‰์‚ฌ์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๊ด€๋ จ ์ค€๊ฑฐ๋ฒ•(ํ•ด๋‹น ํ™˜์–ด์Œ์˜ ๋งค์ž…๊ณ„์•ฝ์ด ์ฒด๊ฒฐ๋œ ๊ณณ์˜ ์œ ๊ฐ€์ฆ๊ถŒ๋ฒ•)์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ค€๊ฑฐ๋ฒ•์ƒ์˜ ์†Œ๊ตฌ๊ถŒ๋ณด์ „์ ˆ์ฐจ ๋ฐ ์‹œํšจ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ๊ทธ ์ฒญ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ธ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค(United States Court of Appeals First Circuit, Bank of Nova Scotia v. San Miguel(1952. 5. 14., 196 F.2d 950 ์ฐธ์กฐ). ์ฃผ83) ๊ฐ™์€ ์ทจ์ง€์˜ ํŒ๊ฒฐ๋กœ๋Š”, Appellate Court of Illinois, First District, Fifth Division, First Arlington National Bank v. Gus Stathis (115 Ill. App. 3d 403, 450 N. E. 2d 833, 71 Ill. Dec. 145)๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ. ์ฃผ84) ํ•œํŽธ, United States District Court, District of Columbia, Phillips College, Inc. v. Richard W. Riley (1994. 2. 15. 844 F. Supp. 808) ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์€, ์‹ ์šฉ์žฅ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ต์ž๊ฐ€ ์–‘๋„ ๋ฐ ์ œ์‹œ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ฏธํ•ฉ์ค‘๊ตญ ํ†ต์ผ์ƒ๋ฒ•์ „์ƒ์˜ ๋‹ด๋ณด, ์ฆ‰ ์‹ ์šฉ์žฅ์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ํ•ฉ์น˜๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์œ„๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค.๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ˆ˜์ต์ž(ํ”ผ๊ณ )์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ค์˜๋ขฐ์ธ(์›๊ณ )์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ด๋ณด์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋ถ€์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฃผ85) ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ™”ํ™˜์–ด์Œ ์ด์™ธ์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์–ด์Œ ํ• ์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ™˜๋งค์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€์Šต์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ, ํŒ๋ก€์˜ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์–ด์Œํ• ์ธ์€ ์†Œ๋น„๋Œ€์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์–ด์Œ์˜ ๋งค๋งค์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ํ™˜๋งค๋ฅผ ์ฒญ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œํŽธ, ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ธ ๊ด€์Šต์œผ๋กœ์„œ ํ™˜๋งค์˜ ํŠน์•ฝ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(ํ•œํŽธ, ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ณธ ์ตœ๊ณ ์žฌํŒ์†Œ ์†Œํ™” 40. 11. 2. ๋ฏผ์ง‘ 19๊ถŒ 8ํ˜ธ, 1927๋ฉด์ด ํ• ์ธ์˜๋ขฐ์ž์˜ ์‹ ์šฉ์ด ์•…ํ™”๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ํ•ด๋‹น ์–ด์Œ์˜ ํ™˜๋งค์ฒญ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ , ํ• ์ธ์˜๋ขฐ์ž๋Š” ์ด์— ์‘ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์•ˆ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ด€์Šต์„ ์€ํ–‰๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์—์„œ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜์˜€์Œ). ์œ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด [๊ด€ํ–‰]์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ๋ช…ํ™•์„ฑ์„ ํ ๊ฒฐํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋ถ„์Ÿ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ”ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ผ๋ณธ ์ „๊ตญ์€ํ–‰์—ฐํ•ฉํšŒ๋Š” ์†Œํ™” 37๋…„(1962) 8์›”์— [์€ํ–‰์ทจ์ธ์•ฝ์ •์„œ ใฒใชํ˜•]์„ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ, ๊ทธ ์ œ6์กฐ(ํ• ์ธ์–ด์Œ์˜ ํ™˜๋งค)์— ํ™˜๋งค์ฒญ๊ตฌ๊ถŒ์„ ๋ช…๊ธฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์œ„ [์€ํ–‰์ทจ์ธ์•ฝ์ •์„œ ใฒใชํ˜•]์˜ 1977. 4. 19.์ž ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ฐœ์ •ํŒ์€ ์ด์ค€์ƒ, ์—ฌ์‹ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๊ธฐ๋ณธ์•ฝ๊ด€ํ•ด์„ค, ์œก๋ฒ•์‚ฌ(1990) p. 646์— ๊ฒŒ์žฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Œ. ์ฃผ86) ์œ„ '์ผ๋ณธ ๋ชจํ˜•'์˜ ์ œ์ •์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ์ž๋Š”, ์ผ๋ณธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์‹ ์šฉ์žฅ๋ถ€ ์–ด์Œ์˜ ๋งค์ž…๋„ [๊ตญ๋‚ด๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์—์„œ์˜ ์ƒ์—…์–ด์Œํ• ์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ์™€ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ, ์˜๋ขฐ์ธ์ธ ์‹ ์šฉ์žฅ ์ˆ˜์ต์ž์˜ ์–ด์Œํ™˜๋งค๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์— ์ „๋ฉด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋™์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฌ์‹ ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ธˆ์œต๊ณ„์˜ ๊ด€ํ–‰์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(๋ฐ˜์ „์Šน์ธ [์ˆ˜์ถœํ™”ํ™˜์‹ ์šฉ์žฅ์— ๊ธฐํ•œ ์–ด์Œ์˜ ๋งค์ž…๊ณผ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ตญ์˜ ์€ํ–‰๊ด€์Šต] ๊ธˆ์œต๋ฒ•๋ฌด์‚ฌ์ • 1192ํ˜ธ 4๋ฉด ์ดํ•˜ ์ฐธ์กฐ). ์ฃผ87) Souichirou Kozuka, [Uniform Rules versus Freedom of Contract๏ผšJapanese Practice in letters of Credit Transactions], Singapore Journal of International and Comparative Law 2000. 4. p. 148 ์ดํ•˜๋Š”, ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์œ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ด€ํ–‰์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ด๋ฅผ Japanese practice๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ช…๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ88) ์œ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ทจ์ง€๋ฅผ ํŒ์‹œํ•œ ํŒ๊ฒฐ๋กœ๋Š” ๋™๊ฒฝ์ง€์žฌ, ํ‰์„ฑ 2. 11. 19. ํŒ๊ฒฐ, ๊ธˆ์œต๋ฒ•๋ฌด์‚ฌ์ • 1272ํ˜ธ p. 37 ์ดํ•˜ ์ฐธ์กฐ. ์ฃผ89) [ํŠน์ง‘๏ผ์ˆ˜์ถœ์ทจ์ธ์•ฝ์ •์„œ ใฒใชํ˜•์˜ ์ œ์ •๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์‹ค๋ฌด, โ…  ใฒใชํ˜• ์ œ์ •์˜ ๊ฒฝ์œ„์™€ ์ทจ์ง€, โ…ก ใฒใชํ˜•์˜ ์ œ์ •๊ณผ ์™ธํ™˜์‹ค๋ฌด์—์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ, โ…ข ใฒใชํ˜•์˜ ์ถ•์กฐํ•ด์„ค], ๊ธˆ์œต๋ฒ•๋ฌด์‚ฌ์ • 1024ํ˜ธ ๋ฐ ์†Œ์ด์žฅ์ผ๋ž‘, [์€ํ–‰๊ฐ„ ์‹ ์šฉ์žฅ๋ถ€ ํ™”ํ™˜์–ด์Œ ํ™˜๋งค์˜ ๊ด€ํ–‰], ใ‚ธใƒฅใƒชใ‚นใƒˆ, 1021ํ˜ธ(1993. 4.) p. 141 ์ดํ•˜ ์ฐธ์กฐ. ์ฃผ90) ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ๋Š”, ์ผ๋ณธ๊ตญ์˜ ํŠน์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๊ด€ํ–‰์œผ๋กœ์„œ, ๋งค์ž…์€ ๋งค์ž…์˜๋ขฐ์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฌ์‹ ์ด์–ด์„œ ๊ทธ ์ฑ„๊ถŒ๋ณด์ „์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๊ฐœ์„ค์€ํ–‰์˜ ์ง€๊ธ‰๊ฑฐ์ ˆ์˜ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์‹ ์šฉ์žฅํ†ต์ผ๊ทœ์น™์— ๋น„์ถ”์–ด ๋ถ€๋‹นํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ด์–ด๋„, ๋งค์ž…์˜๋ขฐ์ธ๊ณผ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์•ฝ์ •์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ง€๊ธ‰๊ฑฐ์ ˆ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์œ ๋งŒ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋ฉด, ๋งค์ž…์€ํ–‰์€ ๋งค์ž…์˜๋ขฐ์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™˜๋งค์ฒญ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ฐœ์„ค์€ํ–‰์€ ๋ณด์ƒ์ฑ„๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋ฉดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ํ•ด์™ธ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ค์€ํ–‰์€, ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋– ํ•˜๋“ , ์ง€๊ธ‰์„ ๊ฑฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋ฉด, ์ผ๋ณธ๊ตญ์˜ ์€ํ–‰์€ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋Š” ์ž…์žฅ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ธ์‹์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋ ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค.๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ, ์œ„ ๋ฏธํ•ฉ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ด€ํ–‰์ด ๋” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์งํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ ํ•™์ž ๋ฐ ์€ํ–‰์‹ค๋ฌด๊ฐ€(๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์žฅ๊ตฌ๋ณด์œต์˜, [์‹ ์šฉ์žฅ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์—์„œ์˜ ํŠน์•ฝ์— ๊ธฐํ•œ ๋งค์ž…์€ํ–‰์˜ ์ƒํ™˜์ฒญ๊ตฌ], ์ˆ˜ํ˜•์—ฐ๊ตฌ 451ํ˜ธ p. 18 ์ดํ•˜ ์ฐธ์กฐ)๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ91) ์œ„ ์„œ์‹์€ ์ด์ค€์ƒ, ์•ž์˜ ์ฑ… P. 638์— ๊ฒŒ์žฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Œ. ์ฃผ92) ๋‹ค๋งŒ, ํ™•์ธ์€ํ–‰(confirming bank)์ด ๋งค์ž…์€ํ–‰์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ™˜์–ด์Œ์˜ ์ง€๊ธ‰์ œ์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„ (์‹ ์šฉ์žฅ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ์ถฉ์กฑ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜์—ฌ) ์ด๋ฅผ ๋งค์ž… ๋˜๋Š” ์ง€๊ธ‰ํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ ๊ฐœ์„ค์€ํ–‰์— ๋ณด์ƒ์ฒญ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ฐœ์„ค์€ํ–‰์ด ์„œ๋ฅ˜๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜ ๋“ฑ์„ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€๊ธ‰์„ ๊ฑฐ์ ˆํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋งค์ž…์€ํ–‰์ด ํ™•์ธ์€ํ–‰์— ์ง€๊ธ‰๋ฐ›์€ ์–ด์Œ๋Œ€๊ธˆ์„ ๋ฐ˜ํ™˜ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์žฌ๋งค์ž…ํ•œ ํ›„, ๋งค์ž…์˜๋ขฐ์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ํ™˜๋งค์ฒญ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š”, ์ผ๋‹จ ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๊ณผ ๋ฌด๊ด€ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ, ๊ฐœ์ •๋œ ์‹ ์šฉ์žฅํ†ต์ผ๊ทœ์น™๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ์˜ ๊ทธ ๊ฐ€๋ถ€๋Š” ์œ„ ํŒ๋‹จ์—์„œ ์ œ์™ธ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ93) ์œ„ ์ œ1์˜ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜ ์‚ฌ์œ ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ, ์œ„ ์‹ ์šฉ์žฅ ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์œ„ ์„ ํ•˜์ฆ๊ถŒ์€ ์ˆ˜ํ•˜์ธ์„ To the order of ์›๊ณ ๋กœ ๋ฐœํ–‰๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด์— ์›๊ณ ๊ฐ€ delivery to the order of ๋งค์ž…์€ํ–‰์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ˜•์‹์˜ ์ง€์‹œ์‹ ๋ฐฐ์„œ๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ ๊ฐœ์„ค์€ํ–‰์— ์†ก๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜€์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์ด๋Š” ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜ ์‚ฌ์œ ๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ , ์ œ2์˜ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜ ์‚ฌ์œ ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ด๋Š” ๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•œ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜ ์‚ฌ์œ ์— ํ•ด๋‹น๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ œ3์˜ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜ ์‚ฌ์œ ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ, ์„ ํ•˜์ฆ๊ถŒ ์„œ๋‘์— J. H. K. Transportation System, Inc. ๋ฐ ๊ทธ ๋ฌธ์–‘์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์œ„ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์ƒ์šด์†ก์ธ์ด๋ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ, ํ•ด์ƒ์šด์†ก์ธ์ด ์ง์ ‘ ์„œ๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ํ•ด์ƒ์šด์†ก์ธ์˜ ์ž๊ฒฉ ํ‘œ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์„ ์žฅ ๋˜๋Š” ์œ„ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ง์›์ด ์„œ๋ช…ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‚˜, ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์„œ๋ช…๋ž€์— ์šด์†ก์ธ ๋˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„œ๋ช…ํ•œ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์ƒ ๊ทธ ์„œ๋ช…์ž๊ฐ€ ์šด์†ก์ธ์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„œ๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ๋˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„œ๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐํžˆ๋Š” ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ํ•œํŽธ ํ”ผ๊ณ ๋“ค์˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด, ์œ„ ์„ ํ•˜์ฆ๊ถŒ์€ ์œ„ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์šด์†ก์ฃผ์„ ์ธ์ธ ์†Œ์™ธ Speed Logitech Co., Ltd์˜ ์ง์›์ด ์„œ๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋ฐ”, ์‚ฌ์ •์ด ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด ์„œ๋ช…์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ„ ์„ ํ•˜์ฆ๊ถŒ์„ ๋ฐœํ–‰ํ•œ ์œ„ ์šด์†ก์ฃผ์„ ์ธ์€ ์‹ ์šฉ์žฅํ†ต์ผ๊ทœ์น™ ์ œ30์กฐ์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ๊ทธ ์ž๊ฒฉ(์šด์†ก์ธ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์ธ์ง€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๊ทธ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์ธ์ง€)์„ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์ด๋„ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ •๋‹นํ•œ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜ ์‚ฌ์œ ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฃผ94) ๋ฐ˜์ „์Šน์ธ, [ํ™”ํ™˜์‹ ์šฉ์žฅ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์—์„œ์˜ ๋งค์ž…์˜๋ขฐ์ธ์˜ ํ•˜์ž๋‹ด๋ณด์ฑ…์ž„(Warranty)] ๊ธˆ์œต๋ฒ•๋ฌด์‚ฌ์ •, ์ œ1222ํ˜ธ(1989. 6.) p. 6 ์ดํ•˜ ์ฐธ์กฐ. ์ฃผ95) ์•ž์„œ ๋ณธ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ผ๋ณธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์‹ ์šฉ์žฅ๋ถ€ ํ™˜์–ด์Œ์˜ ๋งค์ž…์„ ๋งค์ž…์˜๋ขฐ์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์ด ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งค์ž…์€ํ–‰์ด ๋ถ€๋‹ดํ•˜๋Š” ์œ„ํ—˜์€, ์ „์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™˜๋งค์˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๋‹ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋งค์ž…์˜๋ขฐ์ธ์ด ๊ทธ ์˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ดํ–‰ํ•  ์ •๋„์˜ ์ž๋ ฅ์„ ์ƒ์‹คํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ์œ„ํ—˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ96) ๋™๊ฒฝ์ง€์žฌ, ํ‰์„ฑ 9. 6. 30. ๋ฏผ์‚ฌ์ œ30๋ถ€ ํŒ๊ฒฐ, ๊ธˆ์œต๋ฒ•๋ฌด์‚ฌ์ • ์ œ1512ํ˜ธ(1998. 4.) p. 34 ์ดํ•˜, ๋™๊ฒฝ์ง€์žฌ, ํ‰์„ฑ 10. 3. 25. ๋ฏผ์‚ฌ์ œ43๋ถ€ ํŒ๊ฒฐ, ๊ธˆ์œตใ†์ƒ์‚ฌ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ์ œ1056ํ˜ธ(1999. 1.) p. 35๋ฉด ์ดํ•˜ ์ฐธ์กฐ. ์ฃผ97) ๋ฏธํ•ฉ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์œ„ ํ†ต์ผ์ƒ๋ฒ•์ „ ๊ตฌ ์ œ5-111์กฐ ์ œ1ํ•ญ์— ๊ธฐํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ต์ž์˜ ๋งค๋„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋‹ด๋ณด์ฑ…์ž„์€ ๋งค์ž…์˜๋ขฐ์ธ(์ˆ˜์ต์ž)์ด ๋งค์ž…์€ํ–‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ ์šฉ์žฅ ์กฐ๊ฑด์˜ ์ผ์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋ถ€๋‹ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์›์น™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งค์ž…์€ํ–‰์€ ๋งค์ž…์‹œ ์‹ ์šฉ์žฅ ์กฐ๊ฑด ์ผ์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๋‹ดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์œ„ ์ธ์šฉ๋œ ๋ฏธํ•ฉ์ค‘๊ตญ ํŒ๋ก€๋“ค์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋งค์ž…์€ํ–‰ ๋‹ด๋‹น์ง์›์˜ ์‹ ์šฉ์žฅ ์กฐ๊ฑด ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ์‹œ์˜ ์ž˜๋ชป์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋งค์ž…์˜๋ขฐ์ธ์ธก์˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ ๋ฐ ๊ทธ ํŒ๋‹จ์ด ์ „ํ˜€ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์—์„œ ์—ฟ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ, ๋ฏธํ•ฉ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํŒ๋ก€๋ฒ•์ƒ ์ธ์ •๋˜๋Š” ๊ธˆ๋ฐ˜์–ธ์˜ ์›์น™(estoppel) ๋“ฑ์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งค์ž…์€ํ–‰์˜ ๋งค์ž…๊ณผ์ •(ํŠนํžˆ ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ๊ณผ์ •)์—์„œ์˜ ํ–‰์œ„์— ๊ธฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งค์ž…์˜๋ขฐ์ธ์˜ ๋‹ด๋ณด์ฑ…์ž„์ด ๋ถ€์ •๋  ์—ฌ์ง€๋Š” ์žˆ๋‹ค ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฃผ98) ์œ„ '๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜ ์‹ ๊ณ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ'๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„, โ‘  ์•ž์„œ ๋ณธ ์™ธ๊ตญํ™˜๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์•ฝ์ •์„œ ์ œ11์กฐ ์ œ1ํ•ญ ์ œ4ํ˜ธ์˜ ํ™˜๋งค์ฒญ๊ตฌ์‚ฌ์œ ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋ฌธ๋ฆฌํ•ด์„์ƒ ์ง€๊ธ‰ ๋˜๋Š” ์ธ์ˆ˜๊ฑฐ์ ˆ๋œ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ๋ฌธํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์œ„ ์‚ฌ์œ  ํ•ด๋‹น ์—ฌ๋ถ€์˜ ํŒ๋‹จ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๋งค์ž…์€ํ–‰์ด ์‹ ์šฉ์žฅ ์กฐ๊ฑด์˜ ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ„๊ณผํ•˜๊ณ  ๋งค์ˆ˜ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„๋˜๋ฉฐ, โ‘ก ์•„์šธ๋Ÿฌ ๋’ค์—์„œ ๋ณด๋Š” ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ ๋งค๋งค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋งค๋„์ธ์ด ๊ทธ ์œ ํšจใ†์™„์ „์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•˜์ž๋‹ด๋ณด์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋ถ€๋‹ดํ•จ์€ ๋‹น์—ฐํ•œ ๋ฒ•์›์น™์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์‹ ์šฉ์žฅ ์กฐ๊ฑด์˜ ์ผ์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฑ…์ž„์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋งค์ž…์˜๋ขฐ์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฃผ99) ์•ž์„œ ์ธ์šฉํ•œ ๋™๊ฒฝ์ง€์žฌ ํ‰์„ฑ 10. 3. 25. ํŒ๊ฒฐ์€ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ • ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋งค์ž…์€ํ–‰์˜ ๋งค์ž…์˜๋ขฐ์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ™˜๋งค์ฒญ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ ์˜์น™์ƒ ๋ถˆํ—ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฃผ100) โ‘ ์œ ํ†ต๊ฐ€๋Šฅ(negotiable)์ด๋ž€, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ(49 U.S Code, Chap. 801), ์˜๊ตญ(Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992)์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์„ ํ•˜์ฆ๊ถŒ์˜ ์ด์ „(transfer) ๋ฐฉ์‹์ธ ๋ฐฐ์„œ(endorsement)ใ†๊ต๋ถ€(delivery)์™€ ์–‘๋„(assignment) ์ค‘ ๋ฐฐ์„œ(order B/L)ใ†๊ต๋ถ€(bearer B/L)์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ ํ•˜์ฆ๊ถŒ์ด ์ด์ „๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜ํ•˜์ธ๋ž€์ด ๊ธฐ๋ช…์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœํ–‰๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ (1) ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” non- negotiable์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ์ด์ƒ ์œ ํ†ต๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‚˜, (2) ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” nominate B/L๋กœ์„œ (์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋‚˜๋ผ์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ) ๋ฐฐ์„œ๋งŒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์ด์ „์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์œ ํ†ต๋ถˆ๋Šฅ์ด๋‹ค.โ‘ก๋งŒ๊ตญํ•ด๋ฒ•ํšŒ(CMI, Comit Maritime International)๊ฐ€ 2001 ๋งˆ๋ จํ•œ ๊ตญ์ œํ•ด์ƒ๋ฌผํ’ˆ์šด์†ก์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ํ†ต์ผ์กฐ์•ฝ ์ œ์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ตœ์ข…์ดˆ์•ˆ(Final Draft Outline Instrument, CMI Yearbook 2001 ๋ฐ CMI Internet Site์— ๊ฒŒ์žฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Œ) 1(definitions) 14๋Š” (negotiable transport document means a transport document that indicates, by wording such as to order or negotiable or other appropriate wording recognized as having the same effect by the law governing the document, that the goods have been consigned to the order of the shipper, to the order of the consignee, or to bearer, and is not explicitly stated as being non-negotiable or not negotiable(์œ ํ†ต๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์šด์†ก์ฆ๊ถŒ์€, to order, negotiable ๋˜๋Š” ๋ณธ ์ฆ๊ถŒ์— ์ ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์— ๋™์ผํ•œ ํšจ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋ฌผํ’ˆ์ด ์†กํ•˜์ธ์˜ ์ง€์‹œ์ธ, ์ˆ˜ํ•˜์ธ์˜ ์ง€์‹œ์ธ ๋˜๋Š” ์†Œ์ง€์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ์œ„ํƒ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ช…์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ non-negotiable ๋˜๋Š” not negotiable์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์žฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ง€์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ์šด์†ก์ฆ๊ถŒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค)๊ณ  ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ101) ํ•œํŽธ, ์œ„ ๊ฐ ์„ ํ•˜์ฆ๊ถŒ์˜ ์ด๋ฉด์•ฝ๊ด€ ์ œโ…ก-3 3)๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์šด์†ก์ธ์ด ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋ถ€๋‹ดํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ๋Š” ๋ช…์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ์ฃผ102) ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ํŒŒ๊ธฐ์›(Cour de Cassation), June 25, 1985, The Mercandia Transporter โ…ก, DMF(Le Droit Maritime Franais, Paris, France) 1985, 659[Tetley, Marin Cargo Claims, 2005 March ์ถœํŒ์˜ˆ์ •, Chapter 8 Who may claim or sue VI. France - Who may sue ๋ถ€๋ถ„, http://tetley.law.mcgill.ca/ch8.htm์—์„œ ์žฌ์ธ์šฉํ•จ] ์ฐธ์กฐ. ์ฃผ103) ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ ํ•ญ์†Œ์›(Cour d'Appel de Paris), March 24, 1986, DMF 1987, 23 [Tetley, ์•ž์˜ ๊ธ€์—์„œ ์žฌ์ธ์šฉํ•จ] ์ฐธ์กฐ. ์ฃผ104) ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ๋Œ€๋ฒ•์›(The High Court), December 19, 1955, The Ramona, DMF 1996, 389, Bulletin Transportation, 1996, 55 ๋ฐ Cour d'Appel de Paris, July 5, 1996, The CMB Quadrant ๋ฐ The CMB Borigia, DMF 1997, 488 [Tetley, ์•ž์˜ ๊ธ€์—์„œ ์žฌ์ธ์šฉํ•จ] ์ฐธ์กฐ. ์ฃผ105) โ‘ ํ•œํŽธ, ์•ž์˜ ์ตœ์ข…์ดˆ์•ˆ ์ œ13์กฐ(Rights of Suit) ์ œ2ํ•ญ์€ In the event that a negotiable transport document or negotiable electronic record is issued, the holder is entitled to assert rights under the contract of carriage against the carrier or a performing party, without having to prove that it itself has suffered loss or damage. If such holder did not suffer the loss or damage itself, it shall be deemed to act on behalf of the party that suffered such loss or damage(์œ ํ†ต๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์šด์†ก์ฆ๊ถŒ ๋˜๋Š” ์œ ํ†ต๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์ „์ž๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ๋ฐœ๊ธ‰๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๊ทธ ์†Œ์ง€์ธ์€, ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ง์ ‘ ์†ํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์—ˆ์Œ์„ ์ž…์ฆํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„๋„, ์šด์†ก์ธ ๋˜๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ์šด์†ก ๋‹ด๋‹น์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์šด์†ก๊ณ„์•ฝ์— ๊ธฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์•ฝ ํ•ด๋‹น ์†Œ์ง€์ธ์ด ์†ํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋•Œ์—๋Š”, ํ•ด๋‹น ์†Œ์ง€์ธ์€ ํ•ด๋‹น ์†ํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์€ ์ž๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ–‰์œ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋œ๋‹ค)๊ณ , ์ œ3ํ•ญ์€ In the event that a negotiable transport document or negotiable electronic record is issued and the claimant is one of the persons referred to in article 13.1(์ด์ž๋“ค์€ the shipper, the consignee ๋“ฑ์ž„) without being the holder, such claimant must, in addition to its burden of proof that it suffered loss or damage in consequence of a breach of the contract of carriage, prove that the holder did not suffer such loss or damage(์œ ํ†ต๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์šด์†ก์ฆ๊ถŒ ๋˜๋Š” ์œ ํ†ต๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์ „์ž๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ๋ฐœ๊ธ‰๋˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์†Œ์ง€์ธ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์ œ13์กฐ ์ œ1ํ•ญ์˜ ์ž ์ค‘ 1์ธ์ด ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์ฒญ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ํ•ด๋‹น ์ฒญ๊ตฌ์ž๋Š” ์šด์†ก๊ณ„์•ฝ์œ„๋ฐ˜์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ์„œ ์†ํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ž…์ฆ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋ถ€๋‹ดํ•˜๋Š” ์™ธ์—, ํ•ด๋‹น ์†Œ์ง€์ธ์ด ์†ํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค)๊ณ  ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ.โ‘ก์œ„ ์ดˆ์•ˆ์˜ ๊ทœ์ •์€, ์„ ํ•˜์ฆ๊ถŒ ์†Œ์ง€์ธใ†์ˆ˜์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ถœ์ƒใ†์†กํ•˜์ธ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹ค์งˆ์†ํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์ƒ๋ฐ›์•˜์Œ์—๋„ ์„ ํ•˜์ฆ๊ถŒ์„ ๋ฐฐ์„œํ•˜์—ฌ ์†กํ•˜์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ต๋ถ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์™€ ์„ ํ•˜์ฆ๊ถŒ์†Œ์ง€์ธใ†์ˆ˜์ถœ์ƒ์ด ์ˆ˜์ถœ๋Œ€๊ธˆ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Œ์—๋„ ์ˆ˜์ž…์ƒใ†์ˆ˜ํ•˜์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ์„ ํ•˜์ฆ๊ถŒ์„ ๋ฐฐ์„œใ†๊ต๋ถ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—, ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ์‹ค์งˆ์†ํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์„ ํ•˜์ฆ๊ถŒ์„ ์†Œ์ง€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ž์—๊ฒŒ (๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ์ธ ์„ ํ•˜์ฆ๊ถŒ ์†Œ์ง€์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ์‹ค์งˆ์†ํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์–ด ๊ทธ ์ž์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์นจํ•ดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š”) ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์ฒญ๊ตฌ๊ถŒ์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทœ์ •์ž„.โ‘ข์œ„ ์ดˆ์•ˆ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์ฒญ๊ตฌ์ž๋ฅผ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๋ฉด, ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์„ ํ•˜์ฆ๊ถŒ์„ ์†Œ์ง€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์›๊ณ ๋งŒ์ด ์ผ์‘ ์‹ค์งˆ ์†ํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์—ˆ๊ณ , ์„ ํ•˜์ฆ๊ถŒ์„ ์†Œ์ง€ํ•œ ์œ„ ๊ฐ ์ˆ˜์ž…์ƒ์€ (์›๊ณ ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํด๋ ˆ์ž„ ์ œ๊ธฐ ๊ธˆ์•ก์„ ์ˆ˜๋ นํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋ฉด) ์‹ค์งˆ์†ํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์€ ๋ฐ” ์—†์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์›๊ณ ๋Š” ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์ฒญ๊ตฌ๊ถŒ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž„. ์ฃผ106) ์›๊ณ ๋Š” ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ์ฐฉ์ด ๋ถˆ๋ฒ•ํ–‰์œ„์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ• ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋‚˜, ์—ฐ์ฐฉ์˜ ํŒ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์ค€์€ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์ƒ์˜ ์•ฝ์ • ์ธ๋„๊ธฐ์ผ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณ„์•ฝ์ƒ์˜ ์„ฑ์‹ค์˜๋ฌด์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•œ ์ ์ • ์ธ๋„๊ธฐ์ผ์„ ์ „์ œ๋กœ ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์—ฐ์ฐฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์ฒญ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์›์น™์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ •์ด ์—†๋Š” ํ•œ ์šด์†ก๊ณ„์•ฝ์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•˜์—ฌ์„œ๋งŒ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฒ•ํ–‰์œ„๋Š” ์„ฑ๋ฆฝ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฃผ107) ํ”ผ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ Merchant๋กœ์„œ ํŠน์ • ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž๋ฅผ ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ ๋ช…์‹œํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ž˜๋ชป์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ์œ„ ์ด๋ฉด์•ฝ๊ด€์˜ ๊ฐ ์กฐํ•ญ์—์„œ Merchant๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์—†์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ์„œ ๋”์šฑ ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง„๋‹ค. ์ฃผ108) Tetley, Marin Cargo Claims, 2005 March ์ถœํŒ์˜ˆ์ •, Chapter 8 Who may claim or sue VII. Suit by the Contract Terms ๋ถ€๋ถ„, http://tetley.law.mcgill.ca/ch8.htm ์ฐธ์กฐ. ์ฃผ109) ์•„์šธ๋Ÿฌ ์„ ํ•˜์ฆ๊ถŒ์€ ์ผ์ข…์˜ ๋ถ€ํ•ฉ๊ณ„์•ฝ(๋ถ€ํ•ฉ๊ณ„์•ฝ)์œผ๋กœ์„œ, ๊ทธ ๊ทœ์ •์ด ์• ๋งคํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ทธ ์ž‘์„ฑ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถˆ์ด์ตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ”, ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์œ„ Merchant ๋ฐ ์œ„ ์ด๋ฉด์•ฝ๊ด€ ์ œโ…ก-3์˜ ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์˜๋ฌด์˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ์„ ๊ทธ ์ž‘์„ฑ์ž์ธ ํ”ผ๊ณ ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถˆ์ด์ตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„ํ•จ์ด ์ƒ๋‹นํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ฃผ110) ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋‚˜๋ผ M/V Hanjin Yosuํ˜ธ์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์„ ํ•˜์ฆ๊ถŒ ์ด๋ฉด์•ฝ๊ด€์ƒ์˜ Merchant์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์ทจ์ง€์˜ ํŒ๊ฒฐ์„ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ U.S. Court of Appeals, 9th Circuit, All Pacific Trading, Inc. v. M/V Hanjin Yosu, October. 22, 1993, 1994AMC365, 7 F.3d 1427๊ณผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋‚˜๋ผ M/V Hyundai Libertyํ˜ธ์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์„ ํ•˜์ฆ๊ถŒ ์ด๋ฉด์•ฝ๊ด€์ƒ์˜ Merchant์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์ทจ์ง€์˜ ํŒ๊ฒฐ์„ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ U.S. District Court, C.D. California, Kukje Hwaje Insurance Company, Ltd. v. M/V Hyundai Liberty(in rem) ๋“ฑ, 1999AMC2199, 1999 WL 1293507(C.D.Cal.) ์ฐธ์กฐ. ์ฃผ111) ๋™ ์กฐ์•ฝ ์ œ5์กฐ ์ œ2ํ•ญ์€, Delay in delivery occurs when the Goods have not been delivered at the port of discharge provided for in the contract of carriage by sea within the time expressly agreed upon or, in the absence of such agreement, within the time which would be reasonable to require of a diligent carrier, having regard to the circumstances of the case(์ธ๋„์ง€์—ฐ์ด๋ž€, ๋ฌผํ’ˆ์ด ํ•ด์ƒ์šด์†ก๊ณ„์•ฝ์—์„œ ์ •ํ•ด์ง„ ์–‘๋ฅ™ํ•ญ์—์„œ, ๋ช…์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์˜๋œ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด์—, ๋˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ•ฉ์˜๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ๋‹นํ•ด ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ฑ์‹คํ•œ ์šด์†ก์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด์—, ์ธ๋„๋˜์ง€ ์•„๋‹ˆํ•œ ๋•Œ์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค)๊ณ  ์ •์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ. ์ฃผ112) ์œ„ ์ด๋ฉด์•ฝ๊ด€ ์ œโ…ก-3 3), 4)์€ ๋™ ์กฐ์•ฝ ์ œ16์กฐ ์ œ1ํ•ญ, ์ œ2ํ•ญ๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ž„. ์ฃผ113) ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์šด์†ก์ด ์—ฐ์ฐฉ์šด์†ก์— ํ•ด๋‹น๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์œ„ ์ด๋ฉด์•ฝ๊ด€ ์ œโ…ก-3 3)์˜ ๋‹จ์„œ์—์„œ ์†กํ•˜์ธ์ด ์ ์‹œ ์ธ๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ์‹ ๊ณ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ์šด์†ก์ธ์ด ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณธ ์šด์†ก์ฆ๊ถŒ์— ๋ช…๊ธฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ํ•œ ์šด์†ก์ธ์€ ์ธ๋„์ง€์—ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋œ ์†ํ•ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฉด์ฑ…๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์•ฝ๊ด€์„ ๋‘๊ณ ์žˆ์–ด ์œ„ ์—ฐ์ฐฉ๋ฉด์ฑ…์•ฝ๊ด€์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฉด์ฑ…๋˜๋Š”์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋  ์†Œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์—ฐ์ฐฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž…๋ฒ•์  ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•„๋‹ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋“ค(Hague-Visby Rules ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ์ฐฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ๋Š” ์นจ๋ฌตํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ)์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•ด์ƒ์šด์†ก์˜ ํŠน์ˆ˜์„ฑ์— ๋น„์ถ”์–ด ์œ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฉด์ฑ…์•ฝ๊ด€์˜ ํšจ๋ ฅ์„ ์‚ฌ์ ์ž์น˜๋กœ์„œ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฒ• ์ œ788์กฐ์—์„œ ์—ฐ์ฐฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ƒ๋ฒ•์ „ ์†์œผ๋กœ ํŽธ์ž…์‹œ์ผœ ์šด์†ก์ธ์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋ถ€๊ณผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ƒ๋ฒ• ์ œ790์กฐ ์ œ1ํ•ญ ์ „๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ œ787์กฐ ๋‚ด์ง€ ์ œ789์กฐ์˜ 3์˜ ๊ทœ์ •์— ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์šด์†ก์ธ์˜ ์˜๋ฌด ๋˜๋Š” ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๊ฒฝ๊ฐ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฉด์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž๊ฐ„์˜ ํŠน์•ฝ์€ ํšจ๋ ฅ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์œ„ ์—ฐ์ฐฉ ๋ฉด์ฑ…์•ฝ๊ด€์€ ์ผ์‘ ๋ฌดํšจ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณด์•„์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฃผ114) ์œ ํ†ต(negotiation), ์ด์ „(transfer) ๋ฐ ์–‘๋„(assignment) ๋“ฑ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฒ•์ƒ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…๊ตฌ๋ณ„๊ณผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋‚˜๋ผ ๋ง๋กœ์˜ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ์‹œ ์ ์ •ํ•œ ์šฉ์–ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ•์„๋ฏผ, ์„ ํ•˜์ฆ๊ถŒ๋ก , ๋„์„œ์ถœํŒ ๋‘๋‚จ(2000) p. 297 ์ดํ•˜ ์ฐธ์กฐ. ์ฃผ115) ๊ณ ๋†๋„์˜ ํฌ๋„๋‹น์•ก(15-20%)์„ ํ†ต์ฆ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ์ฃผ์š” ๊ด€์ ˆ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์ธ๋Œ€๋ถ€์ฐฉ๋ถ€์— ์ฃผ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ํ˜น์€ ์•ฝํ•ด์ง„ ์ธ๋Œ€๋‚˜ ํž˜์ค„ ๋ถ€์œ„์— ์ง์ ‘ ์กฐ์ง์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฆ์‹์•ก์„ ์ฃผ์‚ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธ๋Œ€๋‚˜ ํž˜์ค„ ์ž์ฒด์˜ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ†ต์ฆ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ณ‘๋ณ€์˜ ์›์ธ์„ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ์จ, ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋งŒ์„ฑํ†ต์ฆ์— ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ116) ์†Œ์ˆ˜์˜ ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ œ2์ƒ ์‹œํ—˜ ์ดํ›„, ๋งŽ์€ ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ํšจ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ์„œ, ์ œ3์ƒ ์‹œํ—˜์„ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋ฉด ์•ฝํ’ˆ์˜ ์ œ์กฐ, ํŒ๋งค๊ฐ€ ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€๋œ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ117) ์ž„์ƒ์‹œํ—˜์˜ ํ”ผํ—˜์ž๋Š” ์ž„์ƒ์‹œํ—˜์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ ๋ฐ ๋™ ์ž„์ƒ์‹œํ—˜ ์ค‘ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ƒ์˜ ํ”ผํ•ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด์ƒ๋‚ด์šฉ๊ณผ ์ ˆ์ฐจ ๋“ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ค๋ช…์„ ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ์ด์— ๋™์˜ํ•œ ์ž๋กœ ํ•œ์ •๋œ๋‹ค.

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